Ma Hing Keung ( ) : Spécialiste chinois de l'éducation, notamment du développement moral.

	MA, H.K. (1989). Moral orientation and moral judgment in adolescents : Hong Kong, Mainland China, and England. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 152-177.
	MA, H.K. (2003). The relation of moral orientation and moral judgment to prosocial and antisocial behavior of Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 101-111.
	MA, H.K., CHEUNG, P.C. & SHEK, D.T.L. (2007). The relation of prosocial orientation to peer interactions, family social environment and personality of Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31 (1), 12-18.
	MA, H.K. (2009). Moral development and moral education : an integrated approach. Educational Research Journal, 24 (2), 293-326.
	MA, H.K., LI, S.C. & POW, J.W.C. (2011). The relation of Internet use to prosocial and antisocial behaviour in Chinese adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 14 (3), 123-130.

Macaque (Macaca mulatta, Macaca arctoides, Macaca fuscata, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nigra, Macaca nemestrina) : Singe. = Magot, singe des neiges. ( ): Macaque japonais, macaque rhésus, macaque bonnet, macaque à queue de cochon des îles de la Sonde. Macaque.

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DAWKINS, R. (2004/07). The ancestor's tale : A pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution / Il était une fois l'évolution. New York : Houghton Mifflin/ Paris : Hachette.	Voir aussi Animal et Singe

Mac-
McCarthur	MacDougal	Machiavel	Maclean
MacCallum	MaCduff	MacKinnon	Macleod
Maccoby	Mach	MacKintosh	MacRae
MacCorquodale			MacPhail
Voir aussi Mc

Maccarthysme : Idéologie anticommuniste extrême et souvent irrationnel qui a cours aux États-Unis au début des années cinquante, notamment en raison de l'activisme du sénateur américain McCarthy. McCarthyisme.

	SOLBERG, W.U. & TOMLINSON, R.W. (1997). Academic McCarthyism and Keynesian economics : The Bowen controversy at the University of Illinois. History of Political Economy, 29, 55–81.

MacArthur Charles A. ( ) : Spécialiste de l'éducation spécialisée. Il s'intéresse à la litéracie et à l'enseignement de l'écriture et de l'histoire. Collaborateur de Okolo et Ferretti.

	MacARTHUR, C.A. & SHNEIDERMAN, B. (1986). Learning disabled students' difficulties in learning to use a word processor : Implications for instruction and software evaluation. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 248-253.
	MacARTHUR, C.A. & SCHWARTZ, S.S. (1990). An integrated approach to writing instruction : The computers and writing instruction project. LD Forum, 16 (1), 35-41.
	MacARTHUR, C.A., FERRETTI, R.P. & OKOLO, C.M. (2002). On defending controversial viewpoints : Debates of sixth-graders about the desirability of early 20th century American immigration. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 17, 160-172.
	MacARTHUR, C.A. KONOLD, T., GLUTTING, J. & ALAMPRESE, J. (2010). Reading component skills of learners in adult basic education. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43, 108-121.
	MacARTHUR, C.A. PHILLIPAKOS, Z.A. & IANETTA, M. (2015). Self-regulated strategy instruction in college developmental writing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 855-867.

MacCallum Robert Charles (1944-2024) : Psychologue, statisticien et méthodologiste américain.

	MacCALLUM, R.C. & TUCKER, L.R. (1991). Representing sources of error in the common factor model : Implications for theory and practice. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 502-511.
	MacCALLUM, R.C., BROWNE, M.W. & SUGARAWA, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1 (2), 130-149. [PDF]
	MacCALLUM, R.C. & HONG, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 193-210.
	MacCALLUM, R.C., WIDAMAN, K.F., ZHANG, S. & HONG, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4 (1), 84-99. [PDF]
	MacCALLUM, R.S., ZHANG, S., PREACHER, K.J. & RUCKER, D.D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7 (1), 19-40. [PDF]

MacCoby Eleanor Emmons (Tacoma 1917-2018 Palo Alto) : Psychologue américaine. Elle a étudié le développement des enfants et plus précisément les différences sexuelles et l'apprentissage des rôles sexuels. Professeur de Rothbart. Collaboratrice de Church, Collins, Gelman et Jacklin.

No 70	MACCOBY, E.E. JOHNSON, J.P. & CHURCH, R.M. (1958). Community integration and the social control of juvenile delinquency. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 38-51.
	MACCOBY, E.E. & JACKLIN, C.N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford : Stanford University Press.
	MACCOBY, E.E. (1988/90). Gender as a social category / Le sexe, catégorie sociale. Developmental Psychology, 24 (6), 755-765/Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 83, 16-26. [PDF]
	MACCOBY, E.E. (1990). Gender and relationships : A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45, 513-520.
	MACCOBY, E.E. (1991). Gender and relationships : A reprise. American Psychologist, 46 (5), 538-539. [PDF]

MacCorquodale Kenneth B. (Olivia 1919-1986 Coronado) : Psychologue cognitivo-béhavioriste avant la lettre et méthodologiste américain. Il s'est intéressé notamment à la mesure et à la validité des concepts en psychologie. On lui doit (Avec Meehl) la distinction entre variable intermédiaire et construit hypothétique. Étudiant de Heron. Professeur de Winokur. Collaborateur de Meehl.

MacCorquodale (à gauche) et Meehl (à droite)	MacCORQUODALE, K. & MEEHL, P.E. (1948). On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. Psychological Review, 55, 95-107. [PDF]
	MacCORQUODALE, K.B. & MEEHL, P.E. (1951). On the elimination of cul entries without obvious reinforcement. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 44, 367-371.
	MacCORQUODALE, K.B. & MEEHL, P.E. (1953). Preliminary suggestions as to a formalization of expectancy theory. Psychological Review, 60, 55-63.
	MacCORQUODALE, K.B. (1969). Skinner's Verbal Behavior : a retrospective appreciation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12 (5), 831-841. [PDF]
	MacQUORDALE, K. (1970). A reply to Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13 (1), 83-99. [PDF]
	THOMPSON, T. (1987). Obituary : Kenneth MacCorquodale (1919-1986). American Psychologist, 42 (6), 601.

Macdougal/McDougall
Duncan McDougal	William McDougall

MacDougal Duncan (1866-1920) : Médecin américain, célèbre pour ses expériences visant à mesurer le poids de l'esprit (21 grammes). Il a obtenu ce résultat en pesant six de ses patients juste avant et après leur mort.

	MacDOUGAL, D. (1907). The soul : Hypothesis concerning soul substance together with experimental evidence of the existence of such substance. American Medicine, April. [LIRE]
	MacDOUGAL, D. (1907). Soul has weight, physician thinks. The New York Times, 11 March, 5.

MacDuff Gregory S. ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain et spécialiste de l'apprentissage chez les autistes. Collaborateur de McClannahan et Krantz.

	MacDUFF, G.S. (1982). Burnout. Teaching-Family Newsletter, 8, 10-11.
	MacDUFF, G.S. (1987). Hands-on training : A key issue in program quality. Spectrum, 1, 3, 8.
	MacDUFF, G.S., KRANTZ, P.J., MacDUFF, M.A. & McCLANNAHAN, L.E. (1988). Providing incidental teaching for autistic children : A rapid training procedure for therapists. Education & Treatment of Children, 11 (3), 205-217.
	MacDUFF, G.S., KRANTZ, P.J. & McCLANNAHAN, L.E. (1993). Teaching children with autism to use photographic activity schedules : maintenance and generalization of complex response chains. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26 (1), 89-97. [PDF]
	MacDUFF, G.S., LEDO, R., KRANTZ, P.J. & McCLANNAHAN, L.E. (2007). Using script and script-fading procedures to promote bids for joint attention by young children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1, 281-290.

Mace
Cecil Alec Mace	F. Charles Mace

Mace Cecil Alec (1894-1971) : Philosophe anglais et psychologue organisationel avant la lettre. Il est l'un des premiers chercheurs à s'être intéressé à l'effet d'espacement des apprentissages. On lui doit l'hypothèse selon laquelle le salaire n'est pas le principal facteur de motivation du travail. Collaborateur de Vernon.

	MACE, C.A. (1932). The psychology of study. London : Methuen & Co. Ltd.
	MACE, C.A. (1933). The principles of logic. An introductory survey. Longmans : Green and Co.
	MACE, C.A. (1937). Supernormal faculty and the structure of the mind. London : Society for Psychical Research
	MACE, C.A. & VERNON, P.A. (1953). Current trends in British psychology. London : Methuen.
	MACE, C.A. (1954). The psychological approach to scientific management - can this be applied in the home ?

Mace F. Charles ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain et spécialiste de l'étude de l'automutilation. Il s'est également intéressé au momentum et à la loi d'appariement. = Bud Mace. Collaborateur de Critchfield, Lalli, Neef et Nevin.

	MACE, F.C. & KNIGHT, D. (1986). Functional analysis and treatment of severe pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19 (4), 411-416. [PDF]
	MACE, F.C. & BELFIORE, P. (1990). Behavioral momentum in the treatment of escape-motivated stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 23 (4), 507-514. [PDF]
	MACE, F.C. & LALLI, J.S. (1991). Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 24 (3), 553-562. [PDF]
	MACE, F.C., NEEF, N.A., SHADE, D. & MAURO, B.C. (1994). Limited matching on concurrent-schedule reinforcement of academic behavior. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 27 (4), 585-596. [PDF]
	MACE, F.C., PRATT, J.L., PRAGER, K.L. & PRITCHARD, D. (2011). An evaluation of three methods of saying "no" to avoid an escalating response class hierarchy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44 (1), 83-94. [PDF]

Mach Ernst (Chirlitz-Turas République Tchèque 1838-1916 Haar Allemagne) : Philosophe, physicien et mathématicien autrichien. Il a formulé le principe méthodologique d'économie.

	MACH, E. (1883/1960). The science of mechanics : A critical and historical account of its development. Lasalle, IL : Open Court.
	MACH, E. (1898/1986). Popular scientific lectures. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
	MACH, E. (1996). L'analyse des sensations. Le rapport du physique au psychique. Nîmes : Jacqueline Chambon.

	ERNSTEIN, J. (1986). Introduction : Ernst Mach and the Quarks. In E. Mach (Ed.). Popular scientific lectures (pp. v-xix). La Salle, IL : Open Court.	SMITH, L.D. (1995). Inquiry nearer the source : Bacon, Mach, and The Behavior of Organ- isms. In J.T. Todd & E.K. Morris (Eds.), Modern perspectives on B.F. Skinner and contemporary behaviorism (pp. 39–50). Westport, CT : Greenwood.
	BLÜH, O. (1970). Ernst Mach—His life as a teacher and thinker. In R.S. Cohen & R.J. Seeger (Eds.), Ernst Mach : Physicist and philosopher (pp. 126-164). Dordrecht, Holland : Reidel.	SLOAN, P. (2000). Mach’s phenomenalism and the British reception of mendelism. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 323 (3), 1033–1196.
	HOLTON, G.J. (1970). Mach, Einstein and the search for reality. In R.S. Cohen & R.J. Seeger (Eds.), Ernst Mach : Physicist and philosopher (pp. 126-164). Dordrecht, Holland: Reide
	COHEN, R.S. (1970). Ernst Mach : Physics, perception and the philosophy of science. In R.S. Cohen & R.J. Seeger (Eds.), Ernst Mach : Physicist and philosopher (pp. 126-164). Dordrecht, Holland : Reidel.	MARR, M.J. (2003). The what, the how, and the why : the explanation of Ernst Mach. Behavior & Philosophy, 31, 181-192. [PDF]
	MARR, M.J. (1985). 'Tis the gift to be simple : A retrospective appreciation of Mach's The Science of Mechanics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44 (1), 129-138. [PDF]	MARR, M.J. (2003). The what, the how, and the why : the explanation of Ernst Mach. Behavior & Philosophy, 31, 181-192. [PDF]
	SHULL, R.L. (1993). Boring's Mach and state variables. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60 (2), 485-487. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Pavlovisme

Machado Armando ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste d'origine brésilienne. Collaborateur de Lourenço.

	MACHADO, A. (1989). Operant conditioning of behavioral variability using a percentile reinforcement schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52 (2), 155-166. [PDF]
	MACHADO, A. (1997). Learning the temporal dynamics of behavior. Psychological Review, 104 (2), 241-265. [PDF]
	MACHADO, A. & SILVA, F.J. (1998). Greatness and misery in the teaching of the psychology of learning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 70, 215-234. [PDF]
	MACHADO, A., LOURENÇO, O. & SILVA, F.J. (2000). Facts, concepts, and theories : The shape of psychology’s epistemic triangle. Behavior & Philosophy, 28, 1-40. [PDF]
	MACHADO, A., MALHEIRO, M.T. & ERLHAGEN, W. (2009). Learning to time : A perspective. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 92 (3), 423-458. [PDF]

Machiavel Nicolas (1469-1527) : Philosophe et politologue avant la lettre. Il s'intéresse notamment aux straégies qui permettent de prendre le pouvoir et de s'y maintenir. En ce sens, le concept de machiavélisme, tel qu'utilisé de nos jours - donc presque toujours de manière péjorative - ne rend pas justice à son oeuvre.

	MACHIAVEL, N. (1571/2003). Le Prince. Paris : Mille et une nuits.
	PROLONGEAU, H. (2010). Machiavel. Paris : Gallimard.

Machiavelisme : Capacité de manipuler autrui, souvent à des fins personnelles ou pour des motifs qui semblent moralement discutables, voire inacceptables. Machiavélisme, pouvoir et influence sociale. = Fin renard. Machiavellianism.

	MACHIAVEL, N. (1571/2003). Le Prince. Paris : Mille et une nuits.	McHOSKEY, J.W. (1995). Narcissism and machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 77, 755-759.
	SINGER, J.E. (1964). The use of manipulative strategies : Machiavellianism and attractiveness. Sociometry, 27, 128-150.	MOORE, S. & KATZ, B. (1995). Machiavellianism scores of nursing faculty and students. Psychological Reports, 77, 383-386.
	CHRISTIE, R. & GEIS, F.L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York : Academic Press.	SIU, W.S. & TAM, K.C. (1995). Machiavellianism and Chinese banking executives in Hong Kong. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 13, 15-21.
	EXLINE, R., THIBAUT, J., HICKEY, C. & GUMPERT, P. (1970). Visual interaction in relation to Machiavellianism and an unethical act. In P. Christie and F. Geis (Eds.), Studies in Machiavellianism (pp. 53-75). New York : Academic Press.	MOORE, S., KATZ, B. & HOLDER, J. (1995). Machiavel- lianism and medical career choices. Psychologica Reports, 76, 803-807.
	GUTERMAN, S.S. (1970). The Machiavellians : A social psychological study of moral character and organizational milieu. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.	DRAKE, D.S. (1995). Assessing machiavellianism and morality-conscience guilt. Psychological Reports, 77, 1355-1359.
	GEIS, F.L., CHRISTIE, R. & NELSON, C. (1970). Search of the Machiavel. In R. Christie & F.L. Geiss (Eds.), Studies in machiavellianism. New York : Academic Press.
	TOUHEY, J.C. (1971). Machiavellians and social mobility. Psychological Reports, 29, 650.	WILSON, D.S., NEAR, D.C. & MILLER, R.R. (1996). Machiavellianism : A synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 285-299.
	SOLAR, D. & BRUEHL, D. (1971). Machiavellianism and locus of control : two conceptions of interpersonal power. Psychological Reports, 29, 1079-1082.	BAKIR, B., YILMAZ, R. & YAVAS, S. (1996). Relating depressive symptoms to Machiavellianism in a Turkish sample. Psychological Reports, 78, 1011-1014.
	GEMMILL, G.R. & HEISLER, W.J. (1972). Machiavellianism as a factor in managerial job strain, job satisfaction, and upward mobility. Academy of Management Journal, 15, 51-62.
	TOUHEY, J.C. (1973). Intelligence, machiavellianism and social mobility. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 12, 34-37.	SHEPPERD, J.A. & SOCHERMAN, R.E. (1997). On the manipulative behavior of low machiavellians : Feigning incompetence to "sandbag" an opponent. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 73, 1448-1459.
	WILLIAMS, M.L., HAZELTON, V. & RENSHAW, S. (1975). The measurement of machiavellianism : A factor analytic and correlational study of Mach IV and Mach V. Speech Monographs, 42, 151-159.	McHOSKEY, J.W., WORZEL, W. & SZYARTO, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74, 192-210.
	STEININGER, M. & EISENBERG, E. (1976). On different relationships between dogmatism and Machiavellianism among male and female college students. Psychological Reports, 38, 779-782.	WILSON, D.S., NEAR, D.C. & MILLER, R.R. (1998). Individual differences in machiavellianism as a mix of cooperative and exploitative strategies. Evolution & Human Behavior, 19, 203-212.
	SMITH, C. (1976). Machiavellianism and achievement motivation. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15, 327-328.	CORZINE, J.B., BUNTZMAN, G.F. & BUSCH, E.T. (1999). Machiavellianism in U.S. bankers. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 7, 72-83.
	SKINNER, N.F., GIOKAS, J.A. & HORNSTEIN, H.A. (1976). Personality correlates of machiavellianism : I. Consensual validation. Social Behavior & Personality, 4, 273-276.	McHOSKEY, J.W. (1999). Machiavellianism, intrinsic versus extrinsic goals and social interest : a self-determination theory analysis. Motivation & Emotion, 23, 267-283.
	TURNER, C.F. & MARTINEZ, D.C. (1977). Socioeconomic achievement and the Machiavellian personality. Sociometry, 40, 325-336.	RICKS, J. & FREADRICH, J. (1999). The paradox of Ma- chiavellianism : Machiavellianism may make for productive sales but poor management reviews. Journal of Business Ethics, 20, 197-205.
	KUO, H.K. & MARSELLA, A.J. (1977). The meaning and measurement of machiavellianism in Chinese and American college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 101, 165-173.	CORRAL, S. & CALVETE, E. (2000). Machiavellianism : Dimensionality of the Mach IV and its relation to self-monitoring in a Spanish sample. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 3, 3-13.
	GLEASON, J.M., SEAMAN, F.J. & HOLLANDER, E.P. (1978). Emergent leadership processes as a function of task structure and machiavellianism. Social Behavior & Personality, 6, 33-36.	SUMAN, B.J., SINGH, S. & ASHOK, K. (2000). Machia- vellians : Their manifest need patterns. Psycho-Lingua, 30 (1), 21-24.
	HANSON, D.J. (1978). Machiavellianism as a variable in research : A bibliography. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8 (1), 1-17.	MACROSSON, W. & SEMPLE, J. (2001). FIRO-B, machiavellianism, and team. Psychological Reports, 88, 1187-1193.
	JONES, W.H., NICKEL, T.W. & SCHMIDT, A. (1979). Machiavellianism and self-disclosure. Journal of Psychology, 102, 33-41.	MACROSSON, W.D.K. & HEMPHILL, D.J. (2001). Machiavellianism in Belbin team roles. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16, 355-363.
	COOPER, S. & PETERSON, C. (1980). Machiavellianism and spontaneous cheating in competition. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 70-76.
	JOHNSON, P.B. (1980). Need achievement and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 46, 466.	SUTTON, J. & KEOGH, E. (2001). Components of Ma- chiavellian beliefs in children : Relationships with personality. Personality & Individual Differences, 30, 137-148.
	SKINNER, N.F. (1981). Personality correlates of machiavellianism : 11. Machiavellianism and achievement motivation in business. Social Behavior & Personality, 9, 155-157.	DELUGA, R.J. (2001). American presidential Machia- vellianism : Implications for charismatic leadership and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly, 12, 339-363.
	GEIS, F.L. & MOON, T.H. (1981). Machiavellianism and deception. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 41, 766-775.	McHOSKEY, J.W., WORZEL, W. & SZYARTO, C. (2001). Machiavellianism and personality dysfunction. Personality & Individual Differences, 31, 791-798. [PDF]
	WOLFSON, S. (1981). Effects of machiavellianism and communication on helping behaviour during an emergency. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 189-195.	LOFTUS, S.T. & GLENWICK, D.S. (2001). Machiavel- lianism and empathy in an adolescent residential psychiatric population. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 19, 39-57.
	SYPHER, H.E., NIGHTINGALE, J.P., VIELHABER, M.E. & SYPHER, B.D. (1981). The interpersonal constructs of Machiavellians : A reconsideration. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 219-220.	AZIZ, A., MAY, K. & CROTTS, J.C. (2002). Relations of Machiavellian behavior with sales performance of stockbrokers. Psychological Reports, 90, 451-460.
	SKINNER, N.F. (1982). Personality correlates of machiavellianism : III. A simulation procedure for identifying high Machs. Social Behavior & Personality, 10, 197-199.	GUNNTHORSDOTTIR, A., MCCABE, K. & SMITH, V. (2002). Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 49-66.
	HUNTER, J.E., GERBING, D.W. & BOSTER, F.J. (1982). Machiavellian beliefs and personality : Construct invalidity of the machiavellianism dimension. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 43, 1293-1305.	PAULHUS, D.L. & WILLIAMS, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality : Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563. [PDF]
	SKINNER, N.F. (1982). Personality correlates of Machiavellianism : IV. Machiavellianism and psychopathology. Social Behavior & Personality, 10, 201-203.	VALENTINE, S. & FLEISCHMAN, G. (2003). The impact of self-esteem, machiavellianism, and social capital on attorneys' traditional gender outlook. Journal of Business Ethics, 43, 323-335.
	ZENKER, S.I. & WOLFGANG, A.K. (1982). Relationship of Machiavellianism and locus of control to preferences for leisure activity by college men and women. Psychological Reports, 50, 583-586.	REPACHOLI, B., SLAUGHTER, V., PRITCHARD, M. & GIBBS, V. (2003). Theory of mind, machiavellianism, and social functioning in childhood. In B. Repacholi & V. Slaughter (Eds.), Individual differences in theory of mind (pp. 67-97). New York : Psychology Press.
	KLINE, P. & COOPER, C. (1983). A factor-analytic study of measures of Machiavellianism. Personality & Individual Differences, 4, 569-571.	McLLWAIN, D. (2003). By passing empathy : A Machia- vellian theory of mind and sneaky power. In B. ReRacholi & V. Slaughter (Eds.), Individual differences in theory of mind (pp. 13-38). New York : Psychology Press.
	KLINE, P. & COOPER, C. (1984). An investigation of the items in the Machiavellian scales. Journal of Social Psychology, 124, 251-252.	AZIZ, A. (2004). Machiavellianism scores and self-rated performance of automobile salespersons. Psychological Reports, 94, 464-466.
	ICKES, W., REIDHEAD, S. & PATTERSON, M. (1986). Machiavellianism and self-monitoring : As different as "me" and "you". Social Cognition, 4, 58-74.	WINTER, S.J., STYLIANOU, A.C. & GIACALONE, R.A. (2004). Individual differences in the acceptability of unethical information technology practices : The case of machiavellianism and ethical ideology. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 275-296.
	LEARY, M.R., KNIGHT, P.D. & BARNES, B.D. (1986). Ethical ideologies of the machiavellian. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 75-80.	LEE, K. & ASHTON, M.C. (2005). Psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality & Individual Differences, 38, 1571-1582. [PDF]
	PODERICO, C. (1987). Machiavellianism and anxiety among Italian children. Psychological Reports, 60, 1041-1042.	AZIZ, A. (2005). Relationship between machiavellianism scores and performance of real estate salespersons. Psychological Reports, 96, 235-238.
	ZOOK, A. & SIPPS, G.J. (1987). Machiavellianism and dominance : Are therapists in training manipulative ? Psychotherapy, 24, 15-19.	CORZINE, J.B. & HOZIER, G.C. (2005). Exploratory study of Machiavellianism and bases of social power in bankers. Psychological Reports, 97, 356-362.
	SKINNER, N.F. (1988). Personality correlates of machiavellianism : VI. Machiavellianism and the psychopath. Social Behavior & Personality : An International Journal, 16 (1), 33–-37.
	BYRNE, R. & WHITEN, A. (Eds.) (1988). Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford : Oxford University Press.	SHERRY, S.B., HEWITT, P.L., BESSER, A., FLETT, G.L. & KLEIN, C. (2006). Machiavellianism, trait perfectionism, and perfectionistic self-presentation. Personality & Individual Differences, 40, 829-839.
	GABLE, M. & TOPOL, M. (1989). Machiavellianism and job satisfaction of retailing executives in a specialty retail chain. Psychological Reports, 64, 107-112.	HAWLEY, P.H. (2006). Evolution and personality : A new look at Machiavellianism. In D. Mroczek & T. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 147-161). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
		McNAMARA, P., DURSO, R. & HARRIS, E. (2007). "Machiavellianism" and frontal dysfunction : Evidence from Parkinson's disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12, 285-300.
	GRAMS, L.C. & ROGERS, R.W. (1990). Power and personality : Effects of machiavellianism, need for approval, and motivation on use of influence tactics. Journal of General Psychology, 117, 71-82.	OJHA, H. (2007). Parent-child interaction and machia- vellian orientation. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33, 285-289.
	SIMON, L.J., FRANCIS, P.L. & LOMBARDO, J.P. (1990). Sex, sex-role, and machiavellianism as correlates of decoding ability. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 71, 243-247.	BECKER, J.A. & O'HAIR, H.D. (2007). Machiavellians' motives in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35, 246-267.
	O'CONNOR, E.M. & SIMMS, C.M. (1990). Self-revelation as manipulation : The effects of sex and machiavellianism on self-disclosure. Social Behavior & Personality, 18, 95-100.	PAAL, T. & BERECZKEI, T. (2007). Adult theory of mind, cooperation, machiavellianism : The effect of mindreading on social relations. Personality & Individual Differences, 43, 541-551.
	GABLE, M. & TOPOL, M.T. (1991). Machiavellian managers : Do they perform better ? Journal of Business & Psychology, 5 (3), 355–-365.	TEVEN, J.J. (2001). Teacher machiavellianism and social influence in the college classroom : Implications for measurement. Communication Research Reports, 24, 341-352.
	GABLE, M., HOLLON, C. & DANGELLO, F. (1992). Managerial structuring of work as a moderator of the Machiavellianism and job performance relationship. Journal of Psychology, 126, 317-325.	SAKALAKI, M., RICHARDSON, C. & THEPAUT, Y. (2007). Machiavellianism and economic opportunism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 1181-1190.
	FEHR, B., SAMSOM, D. & PAULHUS, D.L. (1992). The construct of machiavellianism : Twenty years later. In C.D. Spielberger & J.N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances inpersonality assessment (Vo1.9, pp.77-116). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. [PDF]	BECKER, J.A. & O'HAIR, H.D. (2007). Machiavellians' motives in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35, 246-267.
	RIM, Y. (1992). Machiavellianism and coping styles. Personality & Individual Differences, 13 (4), 487-489. [PDF]	LIU, C.C. (2008). The relationship between machia- vellianism and knowledge-sharing willingness. Journal of Business Psychology, 22, 233-240.
	SHULTZ, C.J. (1993). Situational and dispositional predictors of performance : A test of the hypoth- esized Machiavellianism x structure interaction among salespersons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 478-498.	VERNON, P.A., VILLANI, V.C., VICKERS, L.C. & HARRIS, J.A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the Big 5. Personality & Individual Differences, 44, 445-452.
	GABLE, M. & DANGELLO, F. (1994). Locus of control, Machiavellianism, and managerial job performance. Journal of Psychology, 128, 599-608.	JONES, D.N. & PAULHUS, D.L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M.R. Leary & R.H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93-108). New York : Guilford Press. [PDF]
	LEONE, C. & CORTE, V. (1994). Concern for self- presentation and self-congruence : Self-monitoring, Machiavellianism and social conflicts. Social Behavior & Personality, 22, 305-312.	ESPERGER, Z. & BERECZKEI, T. (2011). Machiavellianism and spontaneous mentalization : One step ahead of oithers. European Journal of Personality, 26 (6), 580-587. [PDF]
	SPARKS, J.R. (1994). Machiavellianism and personal success in marketing : The moderating role of latitude for improvisation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 393-400.	JONASON, P.K. & McCAIN, J. (2012). Using the HEXACO model to test the validity of the Dirty Dozen measure of the Dark Triad. Personality & Individual Differences, 53, 935-938. [PDF]
		FURNHAM, A., RICHARDS, S.C. & PAULHUS, D.L. (2013). The Dark Triad of Personality : A 10 Year Review. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 7 (3), 199–216. [PDF]
		HUTTER, K., FÜLLER, J., HAUTZ, J., BILGRAM, V. & MATZLER, K. (2015). Machiavellianism or morality : Which behavior pays off in online innovation contests ? Journal of Management Information Systems, 32, 197–228.
	Voir aussi Pouvoir, Influence, Machiavel, Dogmatisme, Despote et Narcissisme

Machiavélisme (Mesures/Évaluations) : Ensemble des critères de diagnostic, des tests et des outils de collecte de données qui permettent d'évaluer et de mesurer le machiavélisme. Measurement of machiavellianism.

	WILLIAMS, M.L., HAZELTON, V. & RENSHAW, S. (1975). The measurement of Machiavellianism : A factor analytic and correlational study of Mach IV and Mach V. Speech Monographs, 42, 151-159.
	KLINE, P. & COOPER, C. (1983). A factor-analytic study of measures of Machiavellianism. Personality & Individual Dvferences, 4, 569-571.
	KLINE, P. & COOPER, C. (1984). An investigation of the items in the Machiavellian scales. Journal of Social Psychology, 124, 251-252.
	DRAKE, D.S. (1995). Assessing machiavellianism and morality-conscience guilt. Psychological Reports, 77, 1355-1359.
		Voir aussi Machiavélisme et Narcissisme

Machine : Au sens strict, mécanisme qui décuple une énergie naturellement disponible (pétrole, vent, marée, chute d'eau, soleil) pour produire un travail ou accomplir une tâche, toujours de la même façon (si on exclut les bris et l'usure). De nos jours, on a tendance à utiliser ce terme pour désigner tout type de mécanisme, qu'il soit mécanique, biologique ou informatique. Cependant, au sens strict, le mot «machine» s'oppose à «organisme», à «vivant». La principale différence est qu'un être provient d'un autre organisme semblable à lui (naissance), alors qu'une machine est construite en usine (création). Les machines simples ont des fonctions limitées, déterminées en usine (faire du café, produire de la vapeur, etc), ce qui les distinguent des organismes; toutefois les machines complexes peuvent apprendre artificiellement à faire de nouvelles choses (Intelligence artificielle), comme les humains (EX: robots). En ce sens, la frontière entre les organismes vivants et les machine (organisme artificiel ?) est de plus en plus tenue. Machine, robot et ordinateur. /Organisme. Machine.

Types de machine
Machine à enseigner	Machine à vapeur	Machine de Turing
Machine à poker	Machine binaire	Machine de Darwin

	NEISSER, U. 1963. The imitation of man by machines. Science, 139, 193-197.	CHURCHLAND, P.M. & CHURCHLAND, P.S. (1990). Could a machine think ? Scientific American, 262, 32-37.
	WEIZENBAUM, J. (1965). Eliza-A computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Comrnunication of the Association for Computing, 9, 36-45.	LE NY, J.-F. (1999). Intelligences naturelle et artificielle : Puissance et temps. In V. Bloch (Ed.), Cerveaux et machines (pp. 197-215). Paris : Hermès.
	WISE, M.N. (1988). Mediating machines. Science in Context, 2, 77-113.	NASS, C. & MOON, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness : Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (1), 81-103.
	HARNAD, S. (1989). Minds, machines and Searle. Journal of Theoretical & Experimental Artifical Intelligence, 1, 5-25.	BODEN, M.A. (2006). Mind as machine : A history of cognitive science. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
		VICEDO, M. (2009). Mothers, machines, and morals : Harry Harlow's work on primate love from lab to legend. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 45, 193-218.
	Voir Intelligence artificielle, Mécanisme,Robot, Apprentissage arfificiel et Théorie des automates

Machine à enseigner : Teaching machine.

	SKINNER, B.F. (1958). Teaching machines. Science, 128, 969-977.	CUBAN, L. (1986). Teachers and machines : The class room use of technology since 1920. New York : Teachers College Press.
	SKINNER, B.F. & HOLLAND, J.G. (1960). The use of teaching machines in college instruction (Parts II-IV). In A.A. Lumsdaine & R. Glaser (Eds.), Teaching machines and programmed learning : A source book (pp. 159-172). Washington, DC : Department of Audio-Visual Instruction, National Education Association.	BENJAMIN, L.T.(1988). A history of teaching machines. American Psychologist, 43, 703-712.
	HOLLAND, J.G. (1960). Teaching machines : an application of principles from the laboratory. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 3 (4), 275-287.	McDERMOTT, L.C., SHAFFER, P.S. & SOMERS, M.D. (1994). Research as a guide for teaching introductory mechanics : An illustration in the context of the Atwoods's machine. American Journal of Physics, 62, 46-55.
	SKINNER, B.F. (1961). The theory behind teaching machines. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, 15, 27-29.
	SKINNER, B.F. (1961). Why we need teaching machines. Harvard Educational Review, 31, 377-398. [PDF]
	NEISSER, U. (1963). The imitation of man by machines. Science, 139, 193-197.
	SKINNER, B.F. (1963). Reflections on a decade of teaching machines. Teachers College Record, 65, 168-177.
	SKINNER, B.F. (1963). L'avenir des machines à enseigner. Psychologie Francaise, 8, 170-180.
	Voir aussi Machine, Enseignement, Skinner et Apprentissage

Machine à poker : Voir Jeu de hasard. Slot machine, electronic gaming machine, slot-machine gambler, fruit machine.

	GRIFFITHS, M.D. (1991). Amusement machine playing in childhood and adolescence : A comparative analysis of video games and fruit machines. Journal of Adolescence, 14, 53-73.
	FERNÀNDEZ-ALBA, A. & LABRADOR, F. (2005). Sociodemographic, psychopathological and clinical characteristics of pathological slot-machine gamblers in treatment : A descriptive study of Spanish male gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 5, 113-122.
	DOWLING, N., SMITH, D. & THOMAS, T. (2005). Electronic gaming machines : Are they the "crack-cocaine" of gambling ? Addiction, 100, 33-45.
	WEATHERLY, J.N. & DERENNE, A. (2007). Rats playing a slot machine : a preliminary attempt at an animal gambling model. Analysis of Gambling Behavior, 1 (2), 79-89. [PDF]
	BLASZCZYNSKI, A.P., GAINSBURY, S. & KARLOV, L. (2014). Blue Gum gaming machine : an evaluation of responsible gambling features. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 697-712.

Machine à vapeur : Machine à vapeur inventée par Papin (le digesteur en 1679 et la machine à piston en 1707), Savery (pompe à soupapes en 1698), Newcomen (machine à balancier en 1711) et Watt (1736–1819), à l'origine de la révolution industrielle. = Moteur à vapeur Boulton et Watt. Watt steam machine.

Machine binaire : Ensemble des machines qui traitent l'information selon un code binaire. La fonction d'une machine est de transformer un objet plus efficacement qu'un humain (plus vite, en faisant moins d'erreur donc à moindre coût). Pour certains psychologues cognitivistes, le cerveau est une machine binaire complexe, qui sert à résoudre des problèmes (cerveau virtuel). ( ): Ordinateur, calculatrice, lecteur CD/DVD, teléphone mobile. etc. Binary system, computing machinery.

	McCULLOCH, W.S. & PITTS, W. (1943). Logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5, 115-153. [PDF]
	McCULLOCH, W.S. (1949). The brain as a computing machine. Electrical Engineering, 68, 492-497.
	TURING, A.M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.
	McCARTHY, J. & HAYES P.J. (1969). Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In B. Meltzer & D. Michie (Eds.), Machine intelligence (pp. 463-502). Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press. [PDF]
	McGINN, C. (1987). Could a machine be conscious ? In C. Blakemore & S. Greenfield (Eds.), Mindwaves (pp. 279-288). Oxford : Blackwell.
	JOHNSON-LAIRD, P.N. (1993). Human and machine thinking hillsdale. NJ : Erlbaum Press.
		Voir aussi Machine, Robot et Cerveau virtuel

Machine de Turing : Voir Turing.Turing machine.

Machine de Darwin : Voir Darwin. Darwin machine.

Machisme : Qualifie un homme qui se comporte selon un modèle/rôle sexuel et social traditionnel etréactionnaire. Machismo.

	FRAGOSO, J.M. & KASHUBECK, S. (2000). Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in Mexican American men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 1 (2), 87-97.
	MAZUR, A. (2002). Does testosterone cause machismo ? Contemporary Psychology, 47, 275-276.

MacKinnon
Catharine A. MacKinnon	Donald W. MacKinnon	Sean Mackinnon

MacKinnon Catharine A. (Minneapolis 1946-) : Juriste et politologue féministe américaine. Collaboratrice de Brownmiller et Dworkin.

	MacKINNON, C. (1982). Feminism, marxism, method and the state : an agenda for theory. Signs, 7, 515-544.
	MacKINNON, C. (1983). Feminism, marxism, method and the state : toward feminist jurisprudence. Signs, 8 (4), 635-658.
	MacKINNON, C.A. (2003). Mainstreaming feminism in legal education. Journal of Legal Education, 53, 199.
	MacKINNON, C.A. (2005). Women's lives, men's laws. Harvard University Press.
	MacKINNON, C.A. (2006). Are women human ? : And other international dialogues. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

MacKinnon Donald W. (Augusta 1903-1987 Stockton) : Psychologue américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la créativité. Professeur de Loehlin.

	MacKINNON, D.W. (1962). The nature and nurture of creative talent. American Psychologist, 17 (7), 484-495.
	MacKINNON, D.W. (1965). Personality and the realization of creative potential. American Psychologist, 20 (4), 273–281.
	MacKINNON, D.W. (1966). The identification of creativity. Applied Psychology, 12 (1), 25-46.
	MacKINNON, D.W. (1966). What makes a person creative ? Theory into Practive, 5 (4), 151-156.
	MacKINNON, D.W. (1967). Assessing creative persons. Journal of Creative Behavior, 1 (3), 291-304.

MacKinnon Sean ( ) : Psychologue canadien et spécialiste de l'étude du perfectionnisme. Collaborateur de Antony et Sherry.

	MacKINNON, S.P., SHERRY, S.B., STEWART, S.H., ANTONY, M.M. & SHERRY, D.L. (2012). Caught in a bad romance : Perfectionism, conflict, and depression in romantic relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 26 (2), 215-225. [PDF]
	MacKINNON, S.P. & SHERRY, S.B. (2012). Perfectionistic self-presentation mediates the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and subjective well-being : A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality & Individual Differences, 53, 22-28.
	MacKINNON, S.P., SHERRY, S.B., PRATT, M.W. & SMITH, M.M. (2014). Perfectionism, friendship intimacy, and depressive affect in transitioning university students : A longitudinal study using mixed methods. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 46, 49-59.
	MacKINNON, S.P., KEHAYES, I., LEONARD, K., FRASER, R. & STEWART, S.H. (2017). Perfectionistic concerns, social negativity and subjective well-being : A test of the social disconnection model. Journal of Personality, 85, 326-340.
	MacKINNON, S.P., RAY, C.M., FIRTH, S.M. & O'CONNOR, R.M. (2018). Perfectionism and drinking to cope : A 21-day diary study. Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 177-178.

MacKintosh Nicholas John (Londres 1935-2015 Bury Saint Edmunds) : Psychologue cognitivo-béhavioriste britannique, spécialisé dans l'étude de l'intelligence et du conditionnement répondant. Collaborateur de Chamizo, Dickinson, Goodall, Honig et Pearce.

	MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1962). The effects of overtraining on a reversal and a nonreversal shift. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 55, 555-559.
	MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1965). Selective attention in animal discrimination learning. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 124-150.
	MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1975). A Theory of attention : Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review, 82 (4), 276-298. [PDF]
	MACKINTOSH, N.J. (1981). A new measure of intelligence ? Nature, 289, 529-530.
	MACKINTOSH, N.J. & BENNETT, E.S. (2005). What do Raven's matrices measure ? An analysis in terms of sex differences. Intelligence, 33, 663-674. [PDF]
	WEISMAN, R.G. (1975). The compleat associationist : a review of N.J. Mackintosh's The Psychology of Animal Learning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24 (3), 383-389.
	PLOMIN, R. (1999). IQ and human intelligence : Reviewed by Robert Plomin. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (5), 1476-1477. [PDF]

Maclean Paul D. (Phelps 1913-2007) : Psychiatre et neurobiologiste américain. Il est l'auteur de la théorie des trois cerveaux (cerveau reptilien, cerveau limbique et néocortex).

	MacCLEAN, P.D. (1949). Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain : Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11,338-353.
	MACLEAN, P.D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution : Role in paleocerebral functions. Springer.
	MAcLEAN, P.D. (1993). Cerebral evolution of emotion. In M. Lewis and J.M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 67-83). New York, NY : Guilford Press.

Macleod Colin M. ( ) : Psychologue cognitiviste américain, d'origine canadienne, et spécialiste de l'étude de l'oubli. Il s'intéresse également à l'effet Stroop. Collaborateur de Bodner, Dunbar, Jonnker et Williams.

	MacLEOD, C.M. (1975). Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Learning & Memory, 104 (3), 271-279. [PDF]
	MacLEOD, C.M. & DUNBAR, K. (1988). Emergence of Stroop interference with training. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory & Cognition, 14 (1), 26-135. [PDF]
	MacLEOD, C.M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. [PDF]
	MacLEOD, C.M. & MacDONALD, P.A. (2000). Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect : Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 383-390. [PDF]
	MacLEOD, C.M. & BODNER, G.E. (2017). The production effect in memory (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26 (4), 390-395. [PDF]

MacPhail Euan M. ( ) : Psychologue cognitiviste américainet spécialiste de l'étude de l'intelligence, notamment à l'intelligence animale.

	MacPHAIL, E.M. (1982). Hyperstriatal lesions in pigeons (Columba livia): effects on retention and perseveration. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 96, 725-741.
	MacPHAIL, E.M. & REILLY, S. (1982). Probability learning in pigeons (Columba livia) is not impaired by hyperstriatal lesions. Physiology & Behavior, 31, 279-284.
	MacPHAIL, E.M. (1985). Vertebrate intelligence : the null hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Science, 308, 37–51.
	MacPHAIL, E.M. (1987). The comparative psychology of intelligence. Behavioral & Brain Science, 10, 645–695.
	MacPHAIL, E.M., GOOD, M., HONEY, R.C. & WILLIS, A. (1995). Relational learning in pigeons : The role of perceptual processes in between-key recognition of complex stimuli. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23, 83-92.

Macrae/Mccrae
C. Neil MacRrae	Robert R. McCrae

MacRae C. Neil ( ) : Psychosociologue écossais et spécialiste de l'étude de la pensée alternative et des stéréotypes. Collaborateur de Dijksterhuis et Hewstone.

	MacRAE, C.N. (1989). The good, the bad, and the ugly : Facial stereotyping and juridic judgments. The Police Journal, 62, 194-199.
	MacRAE, C.N. (1992). A tale of two curries : Counterfactual thinking and accident-related judgments. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 84-87.
	MacRAE, C.N., HEWSTONE, M. & GRIFFITHS, R.J. (1993). Processing load and memory for stereotype : based information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23 (1), 77-87.
	MacCRAE, C.N., MITCHELL, J.P. & PENDRY, L.F. (2002). What's in a forename ? Cue familiarity and stereotypical thinking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 186-193. [PDF]
	MacRAE, C.N. CHRISTIAN, B.M., GOLUBICKIS, M., KARANASIOU, M., TROKSIAROVA, L., MCNAMARA, D.L. & MILES, L.K. (2014). "When do i wear me out ?" Mental simulation and the diminution of self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 143 (4), 1755-1764.

Macro- : Préfixe qui signifie « grand ou gros ».

Macro-
Macro-économie	Macrosystème

Macro-économie : Voir Économie (Macro). Macroeconomic.

Macrosystème : Voir Système (Macro).

Madagascar : Pays.

	RAND, A.L. (1935). On the habits of some Madagascar mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 16 (2), 89-104.
	JOLLY, A. & LANTING, F. (1990). Madagascar : A world out of time. Aperture.
	ASTUTI, R. (1995). People of the sea : Identity and descent among the Vezo of Madagascar. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
	ASTUTI, R. (1995). The Vezo are not a kind of people : Identity, difference, and "ethnicity" among a fishing people of Western Madagascar. American Ethnologist, 22, 464-482.
	ASTUTI, R. (2000). Les gens ressemblent-ils aux poulets ? Penser la frontière homme / animal à Madagascar. Terrain, 34, 89-105.
	ASTUTI, R. (2007). Weaving together culture and cognition : An illustration from Madagasca. Intellectica, 46-47, 173-178. [PDF]
	SUSSMAN, R.W., GREEN, G.M. & SUSSMAN, L.K. (1996). The use of satellite imagery and anthropology to assess the causes of deforestation in Madagascar. In L.E. Sponsel, T.N. Headland & R.C. Bailey (Eds.), Tropical deforestation : the human dimension (pp. 296-315). New York : Columbia University.
		Voir aussi Pays

Madden Gregory J. ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain, spécialisé dans l'étude des comportements d'impulsivité. Étudiant de Perone. Collaborateur de Bickle, Chase, Hackenberg et Glenn.

	MADDEN, G.J., PETRY, N., BADGER, G.J. & BICKEL, W.K. (1997). Impulsive and self- control choices in opiate-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants : Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5 (3), 256-262. [PDF]
	MADDEN, G.J. & PERONE, M. (1999). Human sensitivity to concurrent schedules of reinforcement : The role of schedule-correlated stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71 (3), 303-318. [PDF]
	MADDEN, G.J. & PERONE, M. (2003). Effects of alternative reinforcement on human behavior : The source does matter. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 79 (2), 193-206. [PDF]
	MADDEN, G.J., PETRY, N.M. & JOHNSON, P. (2009). Pathological gamblers discount probabilistic rewards at lower rates than matched controls. Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 283-290. [PDF]
	MADDEN G.J., FRANCISCO, M.T., BREWER, A.T. & STEIN, J.S. (2011). Delay discounting and gambling. Behavioural Processes, 87 (1), 43-49. [PDF]

Maddi Salvatore R. (New York 1933-2020) : Psychologue américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la personnalité, notamment de la persévérance (hardiness). Étudiant de McClelland. Collaborateur de Haier et Kobasa.

	MADDI, S.R., CHARLENS, A.M., MADDI, D. & SMITH, A.J. (1962). Effects of monotony and novelty on imaginative productions. Journal of Personality, 30, 513-527.
	MADDI, S.R. (1978). Existential and individual psychologies. Journal of Individual Psychology, 34, 182-191.
	MADDI, S.R. (1981). Myth and personality. Journal of Mind & Behavior, 2, 145-153.
	MADDI, S.R. (2006). Hardiness : The courage to grow from stresses. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 160–168.
	MADDI, S.R. (2006). Taking the theorizing in personality theories seriously. American Psychologist, 61, 330-331.

Maddox
Keith B. Maddox	W. Todd Maddox

Maddox Keith B. ( ) : Psychosociologue américain et spécialiste de l'étude du racisme. Collaborateur de Dixon.

	MADDOX, K.B. & GRAY, S. (2002). Cognitive representations of African Americans : Re-exploring the role of skin tone. Personality & Social Psychological Bulletin, 28 (2), 250-259. [PDF]
	MADDOX, K.B. & CHASE, S.G. (2004). Manipulating subcategory salience : Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 533-546. [PDF]
	MADDOX, K.B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 8, 383-401. [PDF]
	MADDOX, K.B. (2006). Rethinking racial stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. The Psychological Science Agenda, 20, 3-5. [PDF]
	MADDOX, K.B., RAPP, D.N., BRION, S. & TAYLOR, H.A. (2008). Social influences on spatial memory. Memory & Cognition, 36, 479-494. [PDF]

Maddox W. Todd ( ) : Psychologue connexionniste américain, spécialisé dans l'étude de la catégorisation et le développement de modèles neuraux. Étudiant de Ashby. Collaborateur de Estes.

	MADDOX, W.T. & ASHBY, F.G. (1993). Comparing decision bound and exemplar models of categorization. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 49-70. [PDF]
	MADDOX, W.T., MOLIS, M.R & DIEHL, R.L. (2001). Generalizing a neuropsychological model of visual categorization to auditory categorization of vowels. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 584-597.
	MADDOX, W.T. & BOHIL, C.J. (2001). Feedback effects on cost-benefit learning in perceptual categorization. Memory & Cognition, 29, 598-615.
	MADDOX, W.T., ASHBY, F.G. & WALDRON, E. (2002). Multiple attention systems in perceptual categorization. Memory & Cognition, 30 (3), 325-339. [PDF]
	MADDOX, W.T. & ASHBY, F.G. (2004). Dissociating explicit and procedural-learning based systems of perceptual category learning. Behavioural Processes, 66, 309-332. [PDF]

Madhavan Poornima ( ) : Psychologue américaine et spécialiste de l'automation. Collaboratrice de Wiegemann.

	MADHAVAN P., WIEGEMANN, D.A. & LACSON, F.C. (2003). Automation failures on tasks easily performed by operators undermines trust in automated aids. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting-2003 (pp. 335-339). Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
	MADHAVAN P., WIEGEMANN, D.A. (2004). A new look at the dynamics of human-automation trust : Is trust in humans comparable to trust in machines ? Proceedings of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 48 (3), 581-585.
	MADHAVAN P. & WIEGMANN, D.A. (2005). Effects of information source, pedigree, and reliability on operators' utilizaton of diagnostic advice. Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings 49 (3), 487-491.
	MADHAVAN P., WIEGEMANN, D.A. & LACSON, F.C. (2006). Automation failures on tasks easily performed by operators undermine trust in automated aids. Human Factors, 48 (2), 241-256.
	MADHAVAN P. & WIEGMANN, D.A. (2007). Similarities and differences between human-human and human-automation trust : An integrative review. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 8, 277-301.

Madon Stephanie ( ) : Psychosociologue américaine et spécialiste de l'étude des prophéties auto-réalisantes et des stéréotypes. Collaboratrice de Eccles et Jussim.

	MADON, S., JUSSIM, L. & ECCLES, J. (1997). In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 72 (4), 791-809. [PDF]
	MADON, S., GUYLL, M., ABOUFADEL, K., MONTIEL, E., SMITH, A., ALUMBO, P. & JUSSIM, L. (2001). Ethnic and national stereotypes : The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 (8), 996-1010. [PDF]
	MADON, S., GUYLL, M. & SPOTH, R. (2004). The self-fulfilling prophecy as an intrafamily dynamic. Journal of Family Psychology, 18 (3), 459-469. [PDF]
	MADON, S., GUYLL, M., BULLER, A.A., SCHERR, K., WILLARD, J. & SPOTH, R. (2008). The mediation of mothers’ self-fulfilling effects on their children’s alcohol use : Self-verification, informational conformity, and modeling processes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 95, 369-384. [PDF]
	MADON, S., WILLARD, J., GUY, M. & SCHERR, K.C. (2011). Self-fulfilling prophecies : Mechanisms, power, and links to social problems. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (8), 578-590. [PDF]

Magazine : Média. Magazine.

	COURTNEY, A.E. & LOCKRENTZ, S.W. (1971). A woman's place : An analysis of the roles portrayed by women in magazine advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 92-95.	WILLEMSEN, T.M. (1998). Widening the gender gap : Teenage magazines for girls and boys. Sex Roles, 38 (9-10), 851-861.
	VANKATESAN, M. & LOSCO, J. (1975). Women in magazine ads : 1959-1971. Journal of Advertising Research, 15 (5), 49-58.	DUKE, L.L. & KRESHEL, P.J. (1998). Negotiating femininity : Girls in early adolescence read teen magazines. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 22, 48-71.
	WINICK, C. (1985). A content analysis of sexually explicit magazines sold in an adult bookstore. Journal of Sex Research, 21, 206-210.	DURHAM, M.G. (1998). Dilemmas of desire : Representations of adolescent sexuality in two teen magazines. Youth & Society, 29 (3), 369-389.
	LYSONSKI, S. (1985). Role portrayals in British magazine advertisements. European Journal of Marketing, 19, 37-55.	GARNER, A., STERK, H.M. & ADAMS, S. (1998). Narrative analysis of sexual etiquette in teenage magazines. Journal of Communication, 48 (4), 59-78.
	CLARK, R.L. (1987). Changing perceptions in sex and sexuality in traditional women's magazines, 1900-1980. Thèse de doctorat, Arizona, Arizona State University.	SCHLENKER, J.A., CARON, S.L. & HALTEMAN, W.A. (1998). A feminist analysis of Seventeen magazine : Content analysis from 1945 to 1995. Sex Roles, 38 (1/2), 135-149.
	SCOTT, J.E. & CUVELIER, S. (1987). Violence in Playboy magazine : A longitudinal content analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 279-288.	CARPENTER, L.M. (1998). From girls into women : scripts for sexuality and romance in Seventeen Magazine, 1974-1994. Journal of Sex Research, 35 (2), 158-168.
		THOMSEN, S.R. (2002). Health and beauty magazine reading and body shape concerns among a group of college women. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 988-1007.
	SCOTT, J.E. & CUVELIER, S. (1987). Sexual violence in Playboy magazine : A longitudinal content analysis. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 534-539.	WALSH-CHILDERS, K., GOTTHOFFER, A. & LEPRE, C.R. (2002). From "just the facts" to "downright salacious" : Teens and women's magazine coverage of sex and sexual health. In J.D. Brown, J.R. Steele & K. Walsh-Childers (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media : Investigating media's influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 153-171). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
	MASSEÍ, M.A. & ROSENBLUM, K. (1988). Male and female created they them : The depiction of gender in advertising of traditional women's and menís magazines. Women's Studies International Forum, 11 (2), 127-144.	OGLE, J.P. & THORNBURG, E. (2003). An alternative voice amidst teen "zines" : An analysis of body-related content in Girl Zone. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 95, 47-56.
	FERGUSON, J.H., KRESHEL, P.G. & TINKHAM, S.F. (1990). In the pages of Ms. : Sex role portrayals of women in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 19 (1), 40-72.	TIGGEMANN, M. (2003). Media exposure, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating : Television and Magazines are not the same ! European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 418-430.
	PEIRCE, K. (1990). A feminist theoretical perspective on the socialization of teenage girls through Seventeen magazine. Sex Roles, 23 (8-9), 491-500.	VAUGHAN, K.K. & FOUTS, G.T. (2003). Changes in television and magazine exposure and eating disorder symptomatology. Sex Roles, 49 (7-8), 313-320.
		LOKKEN, K.L., WORTHY, S.L. & TRAUTMANN, J. (2004). Examining the links among magazine preference, levels of awareness and internalization of sociocultural appearance standards, and presence of eating-disordered symptoms in college women. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 32, 361-381.
	EVANS, E.D., RUTHBERG, J., SATHER, C. & TURNER, C. (1991). Content analysis of contemporary teen magazines for adolescent females. Youth & Society, 23 (1), 99-120.	REICHERT, T. & CARPENTER, C. (2004). An update on sex in magazine advertising : 1983 to 2003. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 823-837.
		LABRE, M. (2005). The male body ideal : perspectives of readers and non-readers of tness magazines. The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 2, 223-229.
	ANDERSEN, A.E. & DIDOMENICO, L. (1992). Diet vs. shape content of popular male and female magazines : A dose-response relationship to the incidence of eating disorders ? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 283-287.	TAYLOR, L.D. (2005). All for him : Articles about sex in American lad magazines. Sex Roles, 52, 153-163.
	KATZ, B. & STERNBERG-KATZ, L. (1992). Magazines for libraries. New York : R.R. Bowker.	VAN DEN BERG, P., NEUMARK-SZTAINER, D., HANNAN, P.J. & HAINES, J. (2007). Is dieting advice from magazines helpful or harmful ? Associations with weight-control behaviors and psychological outcomes in adolescents. Pediatrics, 119 (1), 30-37.
		TIGGEMANN, M., POLIVY, J. & HARGREAVES, D. (2009). The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines : A source of social comparison or fantasy ? Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 28, 73-93.
	McCRAKEN, E. (1993). Decoding women's magazines : From Mademoiselle to Ms. London : MacMillan Press.	LUFF, G.M. & GRAY, J.J. (2009). Complex messages regarding a thin ideal appearing in teenage girls'magazines from 1956 to 2005. Body Image, 6, 133-136.
		HATTON, E. & TRAUTNER, M.N. (2011). Equal opportunity objectification ? The sexualization of men and women on the cover of rolling stone. Sexuality & Culture, 15, 256-278. [PDF]
	PEIRCE, K. (1993). Socialization of teenage girls through teen-magazine fiction : The making of a new woman or an old lady ? Sex Roles, 29 (1-2), 59-69.	SLATER, A., TIGGERMANN, M., FIRTH, B. & HAWKINS, K. (2012). Reality check : An experimental investigation of the addition of warning labels to fashion magazine images on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 31, 105-122.
		NOBLOCH-WESTERWICK, S. & HOPLAMAZIAN, G.J. (2012). Gendering the self : Selective magazine reading and reinforcement of gender conformity. Communication Research, 39, 358-384.
	GUILLEN, E.O., BARR, S.I. & BARR, S.I. (1994). Nutrition, dieting, and fitness messages in a magazine for adolescent women. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15 (6), 464-472.	JOSHI, S.P. (2012). Adolescent sexual Ssocialization and teen magazines : A Cross-national study between the United States and the Netherlands. Boca Raton, Florida : Universal-Publishers. [PDF]
	NEMEROFF, C.J., STEIN, R.I., DIEH, N.S. & SMILACK, K.M (1994). From the Cleavers to the Clintons : role choices and body orientation as reflected in magazine and article content. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16 (2), 167-176.	GRAFF, K.A., MURNEN, S.K. & KRAUSE, A.K. (2013). Low-cut hirts and high-heeled shoes : increased sexualization across time in magazine depictions of girls. Sex Roles, 69 (11/12), 571-582. [PDF]
	SHAW, J. (1995). Effects of fashion magazines on body dissatisfaction and eating psychopathology in adolescent and adult females. European Eating Disorders Review, 3, 15-23.	OGDEN, J. & RUSSELL, S. (2013). How Black women make sense of "White" and "Black" fashion magazines : a qualitative think aloud study. Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 1588-1600. [PDF]
	CUSUMANO, D.L. & THOMPSON, J.K. (1997). Body image and body shape ideals in magazines : exposure, awareness, and internalization. Sex Roles, 37 (9-10), 701-721.	SWIATKOWSKI, P. (2016). Magazine influence on body dissatisfaction : Fashion vs. health ? Cogent Social Sciences, 2, 1-17. [PDF]
		Voir Apparence, Beauté, Image du corps et Média

Magendie François (Bordeaux 1783-1855 Sannois) : Médecin, physiologiste et anatomiste français. On lui doit la découverte du foramen. Étudiant de Boyer. Professeur de Bernard.

	MAGENDIE, F. (1809). Quelques idées générales sur les phénomènes particuliers aux corps vivants. Bulletin des Sciences Médicales, 4, 145-170.
	MAGENDIE, F. (1809). Examen de l'action de quelques végétaux sur la moelle épinière. Nouveau Bulletin Scientifique de la Société Philomatique, 1, 368-405.
	MAGENDIE, F. (1813). Mémoire sur le vomissement. Paris.
	MAGENDIE, F. (1816). Précis élémentaire de physiologie. Paris.
	MAGENDIE, F. (1816). Leçons sur les fonctions et les maladies du système nerveux. Paris.

Mager Robert Frank (1923-2020) : Psychologue organisationnel et béhavioriste américain.

	MAGER, R.F. (1975). Preparing Instructional objectives. Belmont, CA : Lake Publishing Co
	MAGER, R.F. & PIPE, P. (1984). Analyzing performance problems, or you really oughta wanna. Belmont, CA : Lake Publishing Co.
	MAGER, R.F. (1988). Making instruction work. Belmont, CA : Lake Publishing Co.
	MAGER, R.F. (2005). Comment définir des objectifs pédagogiques. Paris : Dunod.
	MAGER, R.F. (2005). Pour éveiller le désir d'apprendre. Paris : Dunod.

Magicien : Individu qui pratique la magie. En science, les magiciens jouent un rôle de critique et et de sceptique. ( ) : Andrus, Randi.

	RANDI, J. (1990/93). The mask of Nostradamus / Le vrai visage de Nostradamus. Prometheus books/Éditeur Balzac-Le Griot Éditeur.
	RANDI, J. (1992). Conjuring. New York : The St. Martin's Press.
	ANDRUS, J. & HYMAN, R. (2000). Andrus card control. Eugene, OR : Chazpro Magic.

Magie : Tout procédé systématique qui donne à croire à l'existence d'une chose qui n'existe manifestement pas. Ces procédés exploitent les "faiblesses" perceptives et la naïveté de l'auditoire... au grand plaisir de tous. Magie, illusion et superstition. Magic, magical belief.

	CATTELL, J.M. (1899). Review of magic, stage illusions and scientific diversions, by A.F. Hopkins, and Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena, by W.B. Robinson. Psychological Review, 6, 554.	VYSE, S.A. (1997). Believing in magic : The psychology of superstition. New York : Oxford University Press.
	MALINOWSKI, B. (1955). Magic, science, and religion. New York : Doubleday. [PDF]	WYNN, K. & CHIANG, W.-C. (1998). Limits to infants' knowledge of objects : the case of magical appearance. Psychological Science, 9, 448-455.
	BANDLER, R. et GRINDER, J. (1975). The structure of magic I: A book about language and therapy. Palo Alto, CA : Science & Behavior Books.	LAMONT, P. & WISEMAN, R. (1999). Magic in theory : an introduction to the theoretical and psychological elements of conjuring. Hatfield : University of Hertfordshire Press.
	BANDLER, R. et GRINDER, J. (1975). The structure of magic II : A book about communication and change. Palo Alto, CA : Science & Behavior Books.	LAMONT, P. (2004). The rise of the Indian rope trick : biography of a legend. London : Little, Brown.
	WOMACK, M. (1992). Why athletes need ritual : A study of magic among professional athletes. In S. Hoffman (Ed.), Sport and religion (pp. 191-202). Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics.	LINDEMAN, M. & AARNIO, K. (2007). Superstitious, magical, and paranormal beliefs : An integrative model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 731-744. [PDF]
	CAVENDISH, R. & INNES, B. (Eds.) (1994). Man, myth and magic. New York : Marshall Cavendish.	COLLINS, R. (2008). The four M's of religion : Magic, membership, morality and mysticism. Review of Religious Research, 50, 5-15.
	AGLIOTI, S., DESOUZA, J. & GOODALE, M. (1995). Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand. Current Biology, 5, 679-685.	LAMONT, P., HENDERSON, J.M. & SMITH, T. (2010). Where science and magic meet : the illusion of a "science of magic". Review of General Psychology, 14 (1), 16-21.
	WISEMAN, R. & LAMONT, P. (1996). Unravelling the rope trick. Nature, 383, 212-213.	LINDEMAN, M. & SVEDHOLM, A.M. (2012). What's in a term ? Paranormal, superstitious, magical and supernatural beliefs by any other name would mean the same. Review of General Psychology, 16, 241-255.
	Voir aussi Croyance ésotérique, Illusion, Superstition, Perception

Magistretti Pierre J. (Milan 1952-) : Neurobiologiste français d'origine italienne et spécialiste de l'étude des cellules gliales.

	MAGISTRETTI, P.J., MORRISON, J.H., SHOEMAKER, W.J., SAPIN, V. & BLOOM, F.E. (1981). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induced glycogenolysis in mouse cortical slices : a possible regulatory mechanism for the local control of energy metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 78, 6535-6539.
	MAGISTRETTI, P.J. & SCHORDERET, M. (1984). VIP and noradrenaline act synergistically to increase cyclic AMP in cerebral cortex. Nature, 308, 280-282.
	MAGISTRETTI, P.J., PELLERIN, L., ROTHMAN, D.L. & SHULMAN, R.G. (1999). Energy on demand. Science, 283 (5401), 496-497.
	MAGISTRETTI, P.J. & PELLERIN, L. (1999). Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, 354, 1155-1163.
	MAGISTRETTI, P.J. (2006). Neuron-glia metabolic coupling and plasticity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 2304-2311.

Magnitude : Synonyme d'intensité. Magnitude et magnitude d'un renforcement. Magnitude.

	BARON, R.A. (1971). Magnitude of victim's pain cues and level of prior anger arousal as determinants of adult aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 17, 236-243.
	LABERBERA, J.D. & CHURCH, R.M. (1974). Magnitude of fear as a function of expected time to an aversive event. Animal Learning & Behavior , 2, 199-202.
	ZOLA-MORGAN, S. & SQUIRE, L.R. (2001). Relationship between magnitude of damage to the hippocampus and impaired recognition memory in monkeys. Hippocampus 11, 92-98. [PDF]

Magnuson Katherine A. ( ) : Psychologue américaine et spécialiste de l'étude du développement, notamment des effets de la garderie et de la maternelle. Collaborateur de Brooke-Gunn, Costanzo, Duncan, Huston et Pagani.

	MAGNUSON, K.A. & WALDFOGEL, J. (2005). Early childhood care and education, and ethnic and Racial Test Score Gaps at school entry. The Future of Children, 15, 169-196.
	MAGNUSON, K.A., LAHAIE, C. & WALDFOGEL, J. (2006). Preschool and school readiness of children of immigrants. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 1241-1262.
	MAGNUSON, K.A., RUHM, C. & WALDFOGEL, J. (2007). The persistence of preschool effects : Do subsequent classroom experiences matter ? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22, 18-38.
	MAGNUSON, K.A., RUHM, C. & WALDFOGEL, J. (2007). Does prekindergarten improve school preparation and performance ? Economics of Education Review, 26, 33-51.
	MAGNUSON, K.A., SEXTON, H., DAVIS-KEAN, P.E. & HUSTON, A.C. (2009). Increases in maternal education and young children's language skills. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 55, 319-350.

Magoun Horace Winchell (Philadelppie 1907-1991) : Neurobiologiste américain et spécialiste de l'étude de la formation réticulée et de l'hypothalamus. Avec Moruzzi, il a découvert le neurocircuit qui permet au cerveau de s'éveiller et de s'endormir (sommeil). = Tid Magoun. Collaborateur de Moruzzi.

	MAGOUN, H.W., HARE, W.K. & RANSON, S.W. (1937). Role of cerebellum in postural contractions. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 37 (6), 1237-1250.
	MAGOUN, H.W. (1938). Excitability of the hypothalamus after degeneration of corticifugal connections from the frontal lobes. American Journal of Physiology, 122, 530-532.
	MAGOUN, H.W. & RHINES, R. (1946). An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 9, 165-171.
	MORUZZI, G. & MAGOUN, H.W. (1949). Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 1 (4), 455-473.
	MAGOUN, H.W. (1958). The waking brain. Springfield, IL : Thomas.
	MARSHALL, L.H. (2004). Horace Winchell Magoun : A biographical memoir. Washington D.C. : National Academy of Sciences. [PDF]

Mahadevan Rajan S. (Madras 1957-) : Psychologue d'origine indienne. Il est connu pour sa mémoire exceptionelle. Collaborateur de Malone.

	BIEDERMAN, I., COOPER, E.E., FOX, P.W. & MAHADEVAN, R.S. (1992). Observation : Unexceptional spatial memory in an exceptional memorist. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory & Cognition, 18 (3), 654-657. [PDF]
	ERICCSON, K.A., WEAVER, G., DELANEY, P.F. & MAHADEVAN, R.S. (1996). The memorist Rajan’s memory for digits and other materials. Paper presented at the 37 th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago, IL.
	MAHADEVAN, R., MALONE, J. & BAILEY, J. (2002). Radical behaviorism and exceptional memory phenomena. Behavior & Philosophy, 30, 1-13. [PDF]
	GORDON, P., VALENTINE, E. & WILDING, J. (1984). One man’s memory : A study of a mnemonist. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 1-14.

Mahler Schoenberger Margaret (1897-1985) : Psychanalyste américaine d'origine autrichienne et figure marquante de l'école de la psychologie du moi. Elle a étudié la psychose infantile et les différences sexuelles au moyen de techniques d'observation systématique (dans des crèches). Elle est également membre du Groupe de New York et de l'Institut de Psychanalyse de New York. Elle a été analysée par Deutsch.

	MAHLER, M. (1973). Symbiose humaine et individuation. Paris : Payot.
	MAHLER, M. (1980). La naissance de la psychologiique de l'être humain. Paris : Payot.
	STEPANSKY, P.E. (1988). The memoirs of Margaret S. Mahler. New York : Free Press.

Mahon Eugene J. ( ) : Psychanalyste américain et spécialiste du rêve et du complexe d'Oedipe.

	MAHON, E.J. (1991). The "dissolution" of the Oedipus complex : A neglected cognitive factor. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 60, 628-634.
	MAHON, E.J. (1992). Dreams : A developmental and longitudinal perspective. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 47, 49-65.
	MAHON, E.J. (2002). Dreams within dreams. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 57, 118-130.
	MAHON, E.J. (2006). The invention of purgatory : A note on the historical pedigree of the superego. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 61, 334-344.
	MAHON, E.J. (2013). Mourning, dreaming, and the discovery of the oedipus complex. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 82 (4), 877-895.

Mahoney Michael J. (1946-2006) : Psychologue et thérapeute américain. Il a été tour à tour béhavioriste, cognitiviste et socioconstructiviste. Il s'est également intéressé au processus de communication scientifique, et au rôle dans ce processus des comités de lecture. Collaborateur de Bandura et Kazdin.

	MAHONEY, M.J. (1974). Cognition and behavior modification. Cambridge, MA : Ballinger.
	MAHONEY, M.J. (1977). Publication prejudices : An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 1 (2), 161-175. [PDF]
	MAHONEY, M.J. (2000). How therapists change : Personal and professional reflections In M.R. Goldfried (Ed.), Behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism : Reflections on Persons and Patterns in my intellectual development (pp. 183-200). Washington, DC. : American Psychological Association. [LIRE]
	MAHONEY, M.J. (2002). Constructivism and positive psychology. In C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 745-750). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press.
	MAHONEY, M.J. (2003). Minding science : Constructivism and the discourse of inquiry. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 27, 105-123.
	CATANIA, A.C. (1991). The gifts of culture and of eloquence : An open letter to Michael J. Mahoney in reply to his article, "Scientific psychology and radical behaviorism". Behvior Analyst, 14 (1), 61-72. [PDF]
	SMUCKER, M.R. (2008). Michael J. Mahoney (1946-2006) : Obituary. American Psychologist, 63 (1), 53-54.

Mahut Helen (Kiev 1920-2010) : Neurobiologiste russe, d'origine polonaise, spécialiste de l'étude de la mémoire et de l'amnésie, notamment chez les singes. Collaboratrice de Squire et Zola.

	MAHUT, H. (1971). Spatial and object reversal learning in monkeys with partial temporal lobe ablations. Neuropsychologia keys with partial temporal lobe ablations. Neuropsychologia, 9, 409-424.
	MAHUT, H. (1972). A selective spatial deficit in monkeys after transection of the fornix. Neuropsychologia, 10, 65-74.
	MAHUT, H. & ZOLA, S. (1973). A non-modality specific impairment in spatial learning after fornix lesions in monkeys. Neuropsychologia, 11, 255-269.
	MAHUT, H. & ZOLA, S. (1976). Effects of early hippocampal damage in monkeys. Society for Neuroscience, 829.
	MAHUT, H., MOSS, M. & ZOLA, S. (1981). Retention deficits after combined amygdalo-hippocampal and selective hippocampal resections in the monkey. Neuropsychologia, 19 (2), 201-225.

Mai 1968 : Expression qui désigne à la fois un moment historique et un mouvement social.

	MOSCOVICI, S. (1980). Mai 1968 et la psychologie sociale. Connexions, 29, 127-141.

Maibach Edward Wile ( ) : Spécialiste de l'étude de l'environnement, notamment du réchauffement climatique et de la perception du risque. Il s'intéresse aussi au consensus scientifique. Étudiant de Slovic. Collaborateur de Leiserowitz et Van der Linden.

	MAIBACH, E.W., MAXFIELD, A., LADIN, K. & SLATER, M. (1996). Translating health psychology into effective health communication : The American Healthstyles Audience Segmentation Project. Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 261–277.
	MAIBACH, E.W., NISBET, M., BALDWIN, P., AKERLOF, K. & DIAO, G. (2010). Reframing climate change as a public health issue : An exploratory study of public reactions. BMC Public Health, 10 [299], 1-11. [PDF]
	MAIBACH, E.W., LEISEROWITZ, A.A., ROSER-RENOUF, C. & MERTZ, C.K. (2011). Identifying like-minded audiences for climate change public engagement campaigns : An audience segmentation analysis and tool development. PLOS One, 6 (3), 1-9. [PDF]
	MAIBACH, E.W., LEISEROWITZ, A.A., COBB, S., SHANK, M., COBB, K. & GULLEDGE J. (2012). The legacy of "climategate :" Revitalizing or undermining climate science and policy ? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Climate Change, 3 (3), 289-295.
	MAIBACH, E.W., KRESLAKE, J., ROSER-RENOUF, C., ROSENTHAL, S., FEINBERG, G. & LEISEROWITZ, A.A. (2015). Do Americans understand that global warming is harmful to human health ? Evidence from a national survey. Annals of Global Health, 8 (3), 396-409.

Maienschein Jane (1950-) : Biologiste américaine et historienne des sciences, spécialisée dans l'étude de la biologie évolutive du développement (Évo-dévo).

	MAIENSCHEIN, J. (1984). What determines sex ? A study of converging approaches, 1880-1916. Isis, 75 (278), 457-480.
	MAIENSCHEIN, J. (1987). Heredity/Development in the United States, Circa 1900. History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 9, 77-91.
	MAIENSCHEIN, J. (2001). What’s in a name : Embryos, clones, and stem cells. American Journal of Bioethics, 2, 11-18.
	MAIENSCHEIN, J. (2000). Why study history for science ? Biology & Philosophy, 15, 339-348.
	MAIENSCHEIN, J. & LAUBICHIER, D. (2007). From embryology to Evo-Devo : a history of developmental biology. MIT Press.

Maier/Mayer/Mayr
Norman Raymond Frederick Maier	John D. Mayer	Ernst Mayr
Steven F. Maier	Richard E. Mayer

Maier Norman Raymond Frederick (Sebewaing 1900-1970) :Biopsychologue américain. = N.R.F. Collaborateur de Schneirla.

	MAIER, N.R.F. & SCHNEIRLA, T.C. (1935). Principles of animal psychology. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc.
	MAIER, N.R.F. (1952). Frustration : The study of behavior without a goal. Greenwood Press
	MAIER, N.R.F. (1965). Psychology in industrial organizations. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
	MAIER, N.R.F. (1970). Problem solving and creativity in individuals and groups. Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
	MAIER, N.R.F. (1975). The role-play technique : A handbook for management and leadership practice. Pfeiffer & Co.
	SOLEM, A. & McKEACHIE, W.J. (1979). Obituary : Norman R.F. Maier (1900-1977). American Psychologist, 34 (3), 266-267.
	DEWSBURY, D.A. (1998). The Chicago Five : A family group of integrative psychobiologists. History of Psychology, 5 (1), 16-37

Maier Steven F. ( ) : Neuropsychologue américain. Avec Seligman et Solomon, il a élaboré une théorie pour expliquer la résignation acquise. Collaborateur de Seligman et Solomon.

	MAIER, S.F., SELIGMAN, M.E.P. & SOLOMON, R.L. (1969). Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness. In B.A. Campbell & R.M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior (pp. 299-343). New York : Appleton-Century Crofts.
	MAIER, S.F., ANDERSON, C. & LIEBERMAN, D.A. (1972). Influence of control of shock on subsequent shock-elicited aggression. Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 81, 94-100.
	MAIER, S.F. & SELIGMAN, M.E.P. (1976). Learned helplessness : Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology : General, 105 (1), 3-46. [PDF]
	MAIER, S.F. & WATKINS, L.R. (2010). Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in coping and resilience. Brain Research, 1355, 52-60. [PDF]
	MAIER, S.F. & SELIGMAN, M.E.P. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty : insights from neuroscience. Psychological Review, 123, 349-3667. [PDF]

Mailick Marsha R. ( ) : Spécialiste américaine de l'autisme. Collaboratrice de Greenberg. = Seltzer.

	SELTZER, M.M., GREENBERG, J.S., FLOYD, F., PETTEE, Y. & HONG, J. (2001). Life course impacts of parenting a child with disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 265-286.
	SELTZER, M.M., ALMEIDA, D.M., GREENBERG, J.S., SAVLA, J., HONG, J. & TAYLOR J.L. (2009). Psychosocial and biological makers of daily lives of midlife parents of children with disabilities. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 50, 1-15
	SELTZER, M.M., GREENBERG, J.S., HONG, J., SMITH, L., ALMEIDA, D., COE, C. & STAWSKI, R.S. (2010). Maternal cortisol levels and behavior problems in adolescents and adults with ASD. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40, 457-469.
	SELTZER, M.M., FLOYD, F., SONG, J., GREENBERG, J.S. & HONG, J. (2011). Midlife and aging parents of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities : impacts of lifelong parenting. American Journal on Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities, 116 (6), 479-499. [PDF]
	MAILICK, M.R., HONG, J., GREENBERG, J., SMITH, L. & SHERMAN, S. (2014). Curvilinear association of CGG repeats and age at menopause in women with FMR1 premutation expansions. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 165B (8), 705-711.

Maillon faible : Expression utilisée pour désigner dans un groupe l'individu le plus susceptible de changer son opinion ou ses comportements sous la pression sociale des membres du groupe ou d'individu extérieur à celui-ci. On l'utilise également pour identifier l'individu qui, sous la pression sociale, se retourne contre son groupe, le trahit ou en devient l'ennemi. Weak link.

	KERR, N.L. & HERTEL, G. (2011). The Köhler group motivation gain : How to motivate the "weak links" in groups. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 43-55.
		Voir aussi Jury, Petit groupe et Décision de groupe

Mailloux Noël (Napierville 1905-1997 Napierville) : Psychologue, psychanalyste et théologien québécois. En 1942, il fonde l'Institut de psychologie de l'Université de Montréal, la première école de psychologie francophone au Québec. Professeur de Barbeau, Lussier et Pinard.

Main (organe)	OU	Main (psychologue)

Main Mary (1943-2023) : Psychologue américaine et spécialiste de l'étude du développement, notamment de l'attachement. Avec Solomon, elle a proposé une nouvelle forme d'attachement : le style insécurisant desorganisé.

	MAIN, M. & WESTON, D.R. (1981). The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and to father : Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52 (3), 932-940.
	MAIN, M., KAPLAN, N. & CASSIDY, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood : a move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), 66-104.
	MAIN, M. & SALOMON, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T.B. Brazelton & M.W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95-124). Ablex Publishing.
	MAIN, M. & SALOMON, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the prescchool years : Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121-160). The University of Chicago Press.
	MAIN, M. & HESSE, E. (1990). Parents' unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism ? In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years : Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161-182). The University of Chicago Press.
	ALKALAY, S. & SAGI-SCHWARTZ, A. (2024). The legacy of Mary Main in attachment and developmental research in Israel. Attachment & Human Dévelopment, 7 (3), 1-33.

Main
Laver les mains	Manger/Mordre sa main	Main droite/Droitier
Lever la main	Se servir de ses mains
Main gauche/Gaucher	Serrer la main	Main invisible

Usage des doigts de la main
Agripper	Préhension	Utilisation d'un outil
Manipuler

Main (Laver) : Hand hygiene.

	GRANT, A.M. & HOFMANN, D.A. (2011). It's not all about me : Motivating hospital hand hygiene by focusing on patients. Psychological Science, 22, 1494-1499.
		Voir aussi Hygiène

Main (Lever) : Voir Classe (participation). Class involvement.

Main (Se servir) : Voir Utilisation d'un outil et Préhension. Fine prehension, manipulative hand movement.

	NAPIER, J.R. (1962). The evolution of the hand. Scientific American, 207, 156-162.
	CONNOLLY, K.J. & ELLIOTT, J.M. (1972). Evolution and ontogeny of hand function. In N. Blurton-Jones (Ed.), Ethological studies of child behavior (pp. 329-383). London : Cambridge University Press.
	VON HOFSTEN, C. & FAZEL-ZANDY, S. (1984). Development of visually guided hand orientation in reaching. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 208-219.
	LOCKMAN, J.J., ASHMEAD, D.H. & BUSHNELL, E.W. (1984). The development of anticipatory hand orientation during infancy. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 176-186.
	HATWELL, Y. (1987). Motor and cognitive functions of the hand. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 10, 509-526.
	JOHNSON, D.D.P., PRICE, M.E. & VAN VUGT, M. (2013). Darwin's invisible hand : Market competition, evolution and the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 90 (S), 128-140. [PDF]
		Voir Utilisation d'un outil et Préhension

Main (Serrer) : Comportement prosocial. Handshaking.

	ASTROEM, J., THORELL, L., HOLMLUND, U. & D'ELIA, G. (1993). Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients : A reliability and correlational study. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 77, 1171-1186.
	CHAPLIN, W.F., PHILLIPS, J.B., BROWN, J.D., CLANTON, N.R. & STEIN, J.L. (2000). Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 110-117. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Comportement prosocial

Main invisible : Métaphore proposée par Smith pour expliquer les variations de l'économie. Le principe régulateur de la "main" stipule qu'en poursuivant son intérêt individuel, les agents économique contribueraient à la réalisation du bien commun. Invisible hand.

	JOHNSON, D.D.P., PRICE, M.E. & VAN VUGT, M. (2013). Darwin's invisible hand : Market competition, evolution and the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 90 (S), 128-140. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Smith et Marché

Mainstream Science on Intelligence : Voir Manifeste du groupe des 52.

Maintenance : Toute activité psychologique qui a pour but de maintenir fonctionnel, en l'état, un objet, un processus. EX: Maintenir la fréquence d'un comportement. = Stabilité. Maintenance.

	KALL, R.J., KAYE, J.H., WHELAN, A.P. & HOPKINS, B.K. (1968). The effects of prompts and reinforcement on the modification, maintenance, and generalization of social responses. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1 (3), 307-314. [PDF]
	BARTON, E.J. & ASCIONE, F.R. (1979). Sharing in preschool children : Facilitation, stimulus generalization, response generalization, and maintenance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12 (3), 417-430 [PDF]
	CHANDLER, K.L., LUBECK, R. & FOWLER, S.A. (1992). Generalization and maintenance of preschool children's social skills : A critical review and analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25 (2), 414-428. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Changement

Maio Gregory R. ( ) : Psychosociologue anglais et spécialiste de l'étude des valeurs et des attitudes. Collaborateur Fincham, Martin, McCullough et Olson.

	MAIO, G.R. & OLSON, J.M. (1998). Attitude dissimulation and persuasion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 182-201. [PDF]
	MAIO, G.R., FINCHAM, F.D. & LYCETT, E.J. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence toward parents and attachment style. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1451-1464. [PDF]
	MAIO, G.R. & ESSES, V.M. (2001). The need for affect : Individual differences in the motivation to approach or avoid emotions. Journal of Personality, 69 (4), 583-615. [PDF]
	MAIO, G.R., OLSON, J.M., ALLEN, L. & BERNARD, M.M. (2001). Addressing discrepancies between values and behavior : The motivating effect of reasons. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 104-117. [PDF]
	MAIO, G.R. (2002). Values - Truth. The Psychologist, 15 (6), 296-299. [PDF]

Maison hantée : Phénomène paranormal. Poltergeist.

	BAKER, R.A. (2000). The case of the missing poltergeist. Skeptical Briefs, 10 (2), 12-29.
	WISEMAN, R., WATT, C., STEVENS, P., GREENING, E. & O’KEEFE, C. (2003). An investigation into alleged "hauntings". British Journal of Psychology, 94, 195-211. [PDF]
	FRENCH, C.C., HAQUE, U., BUNTON-STASYSHYN, R. & DAVIS, R. (2009). The "Haunt" project : An attempt to build a "haunted" room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound. Cortex, 45 (5), 619-629.
		Voir aussi Phénomène paranormal

Maison Jacques-Ferron : Ressource alternative en psychiatrie et en santé communautaire.

	PICOTTE, F. (1992). Une histoire de la psychanalyse à la Maison Jacques-Ferron : Le dur désir de durer. Filigrane, 10 (1), 109-120. [PDF] + [PDF]
	PICOTTE, F. (1999). Éléments d'intervention auprès des personnes dites psychotiques à la maison Jacques-Ferron. Revue Québécoise de Psychologie, 20 (3), 129-140.
		Voir aussi Ressource alternative en psychiatrie

Maîtres (Formation) : Voir Formation des enseignants. Training of teaching.

Maîtrise (Apprentissages) : Voir Fluidité. Fluency.

Maîtrise (Psychologie) : Diplôme de deuxième cycle d'une durée de 2 à 3 ans. Au Québec, ce diplôme ou l'équivalent était jusqu'à tout récemment une condition nécessaire, mais non-suffisante, à l'obtention du titre de psychologue et au droit de pratique qui en découle. Depuis le 27 juillet 2006, il faut désormais un doctorat pour devenir membre de l'Ordre des psychologues du Québec. Toutefois, les individus qui ont une maîtrise reconnue par l'Ordre, qu’'ils soient ou non membres au moment de l’entrée en vigueur de ce nouveau règlement, continueront d’être admissibles à l'Ordre en tout temps selon les procédures d’'admission en vigueur. Maîtrise et doctorat. Master.

	LANDRUM, R.E., JEGLUM, E.B. & CASHIN, J.R. (1994). The decision-making processes of graduate admissions committees in psychology. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 9, 239-248.
	CATANIA, A.C., DELEON, I.G. & CATALDO, M.F. (2000). A master's program in applied behavior analysis : Contingencies for initiation and maintenance. Behavior Analysis Today, 1, 58-63.
	LANDRUM, R.E. & HARROLD, R. (2003). What employers want from psychology graduates. Teaching of Psychology, 30, 131-133.
	LANDRUM, R.E. & CLARK, J. (2005). Graduate admissions criteria in psychology : An update. Psychological Reports, 97, 481-484. [PDF]
	ORDRE DES PSYCHOLOGUES DU QUÉBEC [LIRE]	Voir Doctorat, Formation des thérapeutes et Diplôme

Majorité : Dans un groupe, sous-groupe en supériorité numérique par rapport aux aux autres individus ou sous-groupes (donc minoritaires). /Minorité. Majority, majority group.

Types de majorité
Majorité absolue	Majorité qualifiée	Majorité relative (ou simple)

	FAUCHEUX, C. & MOSCOVICI, S. (1967). Le style de comportement d'une minorité et son influence sur les réponses d'une majorité. Bulletin du C.E.R.P., 16 (4), 337-360.
	GROFMAN, B. (1969). Some notes on voting schemes and the will of the majority. Public Choice, 7, 65-80.
	GROFMAN, B., FELD, S.L. & OWEN, G. (1984). Group size and the performance of a composite group majority : Statistical truths and empirical results. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 33, 350-359.
	GROFMAN, B. (1985). Research note : The accuracy of group majorities for disjunctive and conjunctive decision tasks. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 35, 119-123.
	THIJS, J., KEIM, A. & GEERLINGS, J. (2019). Classroom identification in ethnic minority and majority students : Effects of relationships and ethnic composition. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 707-725.
		Voir aussi Influence et Groupe majoritaire/minoritaire

Majorité absolue : Lors d'une élection, un candidat ou un parti obtient la majorité absolue si 50 % des votants + 1 optent pour lui, ce qui lui permet alors de former le gouvernement et d'exercer le pouvoir.

Si 100 électeurs votent...
Gagnant	Perdant	Perdant
Parti X	Parti Y	Parti Y
51 électeurs ont voté pour X	29 électeurs ont voté pour Y	40 électeurs ont voté pour X

		Voir aussi Vote et Élection

Majorité qualifiée : Lors d'une élection, un candidat ou un parti obtient la majorité qualifiée s'il est choisi par un nombre de votants supérieur à la majorité absolue mais dont la proportion exacte peut variée. EX : Le 2/3 des suffrages.

Si 99 électeurs votent...
Gagnant	Perdant	Perdant
Parti X	Parti Y	Parti Y
66 électeurs ont voté pour X	20 électeurs ont voté pour Y	13 électeurs ont voté pour X

		Voir aussi Vote et Élection

Majorité relative Lors d'une élection, un candidat ou un parti obtient la majorité simple s'il est choisi par une part plus grande des votants que ses adversaires. = Majorité simple.

Si 100 électeurs votent...
Gagnant	Perdant	Perdant
Parti X	Parti Y	Parti Y
40 électeurs ont voté pour X	35 électeurs ont voté pour Y	25 électeurs ont voté pour X

	FAUCHEUX, C. & MOSCOVICI, S. (1967). Le style de comportement d'une minorité et son influence sur les réponses d'une majorité. Bulletin du C.E.R.P., 16 (4), 337-360.
		Voir aussi Influence et Groupe majoritaire/minoritaire

Mal : Maux (de dos, de tête, au ventre) : Voir Douleur à la tête, au dos, au ventre. Pain.

Malade : Celui ou celle qui souffre d'une maladie physique ou mentale. Un malade devient un patient lorsqu'il est soigné par le système de santé. Sick person.

Maladie : Ensemble des troubles qui menace l'équilibre et l'intégrité biologique ou psychologique d'un organisme, et ultimement sa vie. Une maladie se traduit par des symptômes et engendre généralement (mais pas nécessairement) de la douleur ou de la souffrance. Disease.

Types de maladie
Maladie biologique	Maladie dégénérative	Maladie respiratoire
Maladie cardiovasculaire	Maladie mentale	Maladie transmise sexuellement
Maladie chronique	Maladie psychosomatique

Maladie (Coûts) :

	DUPONT, R.L., RICE, D.P., SHIRAKI, S. & ROWLAND, C.R. (1995). Economic costs of obsessive compulsive disorder. Medical Interface, 8 (4), 102-109.
	KATON, W. (1996). Panic disorder : relationship to high medical utilization, unexplained physical symptoms, and medical costs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 (S10), 11-18.
	SOLOMON, R., SOLOMON, J., MICHELI, L.J. & McGRAY, E. (1999). The "cost" of injuries in a professional ballet company : A five-year study. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 14, 164-169.
	BONANNO, G.A., BREWIN, C.R., KANIASTY, K. & LA GRECA, A.M. (2011). Weighing the costs of disaster : Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 1-49. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Maladie biologique, Virus et Maladie mentale

Maladie administrative : Expression utilisée pour désigner une fausse maladie attribuée à des individus qui éprouvent des difficultés de toute nature, mais qui, dans les faits, ne sont pas vraiment malade. Cette attribution résulte de la conjonction de deux phénomènes : les faux diagnostics et la distribution conditionnelle des ressources, notamment en santé mentale et dans le milieu scolaire. En effet dans ces milieux, pour obtenir de l'aide (des ressources), il faut généralement un diagnostic. Les pressions exercées par les plaignants pour obtenir ces ressources peuvent parfois nuire à la pertinence du jugement clinique et conduire à des erreurs de diagnostics.

		Voir aussi Maladie

Maladie biologique : Par opposition à la maladie mentale, ensemble de maladies dont les origines sont clairement et essentiellement de nature organique ou génétique. EX: la grippe est une maladie biologique même si ses effets peuvent engendrer de la déprime ou des comportements ou des effets inhabituels (délire ou hallucination engendré par la fièvre). Certaines de ces maladies ont cependant des conséquences psychologiques (EX: cancer); alors que d'autres peuvent être amplifiée par des facteurs de nature psychologique (EX: asthme, eczéma). Certaines maladies sont d'origine virale, alors que d'autres sont de nature bactérienne. = Maladie, maladie organique, maladie physique, maladie somatique. /Santé,santé physique. Disease, illness, physical disease.

Quelques maladies/problèmes biologiques
Allergie	Diabète	Insuffisance respiratoire
Alzeihmer	Douleur/Mal à la tête	Lésion cérébrale
Artériosclérose	Douleur/Mal au dos	Maladie cardiovasculaire
Arthrite	Douleur/Mal au ventre	Maladie de Creuztzfeldt-Jakob
Asthme	Épilepsie	Maladie de Huntington
Cancer	Fibromyalgie	Maladie de Parkinson
Coma		Maladie de Pick
Covid-19	Grippe	Migraine
	Hépatite	Rhume
	Hypertension	Sclérose en plaques
Démence	Infection transmise sexuellement (ITS)	Ulcère

	JANIS, L.L. & LEVENTHAL, H. (1965). Psychological aspects of physical illness and hospital care. In B.B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 1360-1377). New York : McGraw-Hill.
	BOORSE, C. (1975). On the distinction between disease and illness. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 5, 49-68.	LINK, B.G. & PELAN, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 35 (S), 80-94.
	TURK D.C., RUDY, T.E. & SALOVEY, P. (1986). Implicit models of illness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 453-474.	BROWN, P. (1995). Naming and framing : The social construction of diagnosis and illness. Journal of Health & Social Behaviour, 35, 34-52.
	COHEN, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health Psychology, 7, 269-297. [PDF]	MOSS, P. & DYCK, I. (2003). Women, body, illness. Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield.
	SIEGAL, M. (1988). Children’s knowledge of contagion and contamination as causes of illness. Child Development, 59 (5), 1353-1359.	LYNCH, E. & MEDIN, D. (2006). Explanatory models of illness : A study of within-culture variation. Cognitive Psychology, 53 (4), 285-309. [PDF]
		DAVEY-SMITH, G. (2007). Lifecourse epidemiology of disease : a tractable problem ? International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 479-480.
	SPRINGER, K. & RUCKEL, J. (1992). Early beliefs about the cause of illness : Evidence against immanent justice. Cognitive Development, 7 (4), 429-443.	COHEN, S., JANICKI-DEVERTS, D. & MILLER, G.E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1685-1687. [PDF]
		Voir aussi Maladie mentale

Maladie cardiovasculaire : Maladies du coeur. Maladie cardiovasculaire, infarctus du myocarde et type A et B. Cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease.

	ROSENHAM, R.H., FRIEDMAN, M., STRAUS, R., WURM, M., KOSITCHEK, R., HAHN, W. & WERTHESSEN, N.T. (1964). A predictive study of coronary heart disease. Journal of American Medical Association, 189 (1), 15-22.	KRANTZ, D. & McCENEY, M.K. (2002). Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease : a critical assessment of research on coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 341-369.
	KRANTZ, D.S. & MANUCK, S.B. (1984). Acute psychophysiologic reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease : a review and methodologic critique. Psychological Bulletin, 96 (3), 435.	FELDMAN, P.J., COHEN, S., HAMRICK, N. & LEPORE, S.J. (2004). Psychological stress, appraisal, emotion and cardiovascular response. Psychology & Health, 19, 353-368. [PDF]
	COHEN, S. & MATTHEWS, K.A. (1987). Social support, Type A behavior and coronary artery disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 325-330. [PDF]	EVERSON-ROSE, S.A. & LEWIS, T.T. (2005). Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 469-500.
	BLUMENTHAL, J.A. & KRANTZ, D.S. (1987). Behavioral assessment and management of cardiovascular disorders. Professional Resource Exchange, Inc.	BLUMENTHAL, J.A. (2007). Psychosocial training and cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation & Prevention, 27 (2), 104-107.
	BERLIN, J.A. & COLDITZ, G.A.æ (1990). A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 612-628.
	MELAMED, S., KUSHNIR, T. & SHIROM, A. (1992). Burnout and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Behavioral Medicine, 18, 53-60.	WOLFGANG, L. (2009). Review of Psychotherapy with cardiac patients : Behavioural cardiology in practice. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 50 (3), 214.
	BLUMENTHAL, J.A., MAHANNA, E., MADDEN, D.J. & WHITE, W.J. (1995). Methodological issues in the assessment of neuropsychological function after cardiac operations. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 59, 1345-50.	GRUENEWALD, T.L., COHEN, S., MATTHEWS, K.A., TRACY, R. & SEEMAN, T.E. (2009). Association of socioeconomic status with inflammation markers in black and white men and women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 451-459. [PDF]
	NEWMAN, M.F., BLUMENTHAL, J.A. & MARK, D.B. (2004). Fixing the heart; Must the brain pay the price. Circulation, 110 (22), 3402-3403.	KRANTZ, D.S. & BURG, M.M. (2014). Current perspective on mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76 (3), 168-170.
		Voir aussi Maladie biologique et Infarctus

Maladie dégénérative : Maladie neurodégénérative : Maladie biologique qui entraîne la dégradation progressive et inéluctable de certains organes, notamment du cerveau. Neurodegenerative disease.

Maladies dégénératives
Alzeihmer	Démence	Maladie de Parkinson
Artériosclérose	Maladie de Creuztzfeldt-Jakob	Maladie de Pick
Arthrite	Maladie de Huntington	Sclérose en plaques

	SPIRES, T.L. & HANNAN, A.J. (2005). Nature, nurture and neurology : Gene-environment interactions in neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Journal, 272, 2347–2361.
	Voir aussi Maladie biologique

Maladie chronique : Chronic health condition, chronic disease.

	LEVENTHAL, H. (1973). Changing attitudes and habits to reduce risk factors in chronic disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 31, 571-580.
	AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (AAP)/Committee on Children with Disabilities and Committee on Psychosoial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (1993). Psychosocial risks of chronic health conditions in childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 92, 876-877.
	DEARY, I.J., WEISS, A. & BATTY, G.D. (2010). Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death : how researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities. Science in the Public Interest, 11 (2), 53-79.
	Voir aussi Trouble mental et Maladie biologique

Maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob : Maladie dégénérative. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

	MATTHEWS, W.B. (1985). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In F. Jam (Ed.), Handbook of clinical neurology. Amsterdam : Elsevier. [PDF]
	KRETZSCHMAR, H.A., IRONSIDE, J.W., DEARMOND, S.J., & TATEISHI, J. (1996). Diagnostic criteria for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Archives of Neurology, 53, 913-920.
	WILL, R.G, ZEIDLER, M., STEWART, G.E., McClEOD, M.A.IRONSIDE, J.W., COUSENS, S.N., MAcKENZIE, J., ESTIBEIRO, K., GREEN, A.J. & KNIGHT, R.S. (2000). Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Annals of Neurology, 47, (5). 575-582.
	Voir aussi Maladie biologique

Maladie de Huntington : Découverte par Huntington en 1872, cette maladie, dégénérative, est héréditaire. = Danse de St-Guy, chorée de Huntington. Huntington syndrome, Huntington's chorea.

	HAYDEN, M.R. (1981). Huntington's chorea. New York : Springer.	PHILLPS, J.G., BRADSHAW, J.L, CHIU, E. & BRADSHAW, J.A. (1994). Characteristics of handwriting of patients with Huntington's disease. Movement Disorders, 9, 521-530.
	GUSELLA, J.F., WEXLER, N.S., CONNEALLY, P.M.,TAYLOR, S.L., ANDERSON, M.A., TANZI, R.E., WATKINS, P.C., OTTINA, K., WALLACE, M.R., SAKAGUCHI, A.Y., YOUNG, A.B., SHOULSON, I., BONILLA, E. & MARTIN, J.B. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease. Nature, 306, 234-238.	SNOWDEN, J.S., CRAUFURD, D., GRIFFITHS, H., THOMPSON, J.C. & NEARY, D. (2001). Longitudinal evaluation of cognitive disorder in Huntington's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7 (1), 33-44.
	HARPER, P.S. (1983). A genetic marker for Huntington's chorea. British Medical Journal, 287, 1567-1568.	JOEL, D. (2001). Open interconnected model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry and its relevance to the clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease. Movement Disorders, 16 (3), 407-420. [PDF]
	HAYDEN, M.R. & FOX, S.L. (1985). Predictive testing in Huntington's disease. Bulletin of the Hereditary Disease Program of Alberta, 4, 1-3.	SNOWDEN, J.S., GIBBONS, Z.C., BLACKSHAW, A., DOUBLEDAY, E., THOMPSON, J., CRAUFURD, D., FOSTER, J., HAPPÉ, F. & NEARY, D. (2003). Social cognition in frontotemproal dementia and Huntington's disease. Neuropsychologia, 41 (6), 688-701.
	FRANK, N. (1986). Diagnosis of Huntington's chorea. Nature, 320, 676.
	SEEMAN, P., BZOWEJ, N.H., GUAN, H.C., BERGERON, C., REYNOLDS, G.P., BIRD, E.D., RIEDERER, P, JELLINGER, K. & TOURTELLOTTE, W.W. (1987). Human brain D1 543 and D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and 544 Huntington's diseases. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1 (1), 5-15.	SNOWDEN, J.S., AUSTIN, N.A., SEMBI, S., THOMPSON, J., CRAUFURD, D. & NEARY, D. (2008). Emotion recognition in Huntington's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 46 (11), 2638-2649.
		Voir aussi Maladie dégénérative et Maladie biologique

Maladie de Pick : Type de démence frontotemporale. Pick's disease.

	SAM, M., GUTMANN, L., SCHOCHET, S.S. & DOSHI, H. (1991). Pick's disease : a case clinically resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, 41, 1831-1833.
		Voir aussi Trouble mental et Maladie biologique

Maladie mentale : Terme générique qui désigne l'ensemble des troubles mentaux. = Folie, trouble mental, pathologie, aliénation mentale. Mental disease, mental illness, mental disorder, nervous mental disorder, insanity.

	MOREL, P. (1852). Études cliniques : traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales. Paris : Grimblot.
	BACHAND, A. (2012). L'imposture de la maladie mentale. Critique du discours psychiatrique. Montréal : Éditions Liber.
	Voir aussi Trouble mental

Maladie psychosomatique : Ensemble des maladies organiques dont la cause est ou serait en partie ou en tout de nature psychologique. Maladie et psychosomatique. ( ): eczéma, asthme. Psychosomatic medicine.

		Voir aussi Trouble mental et Maladie biologique

Maladie respiratoire : Maladie. = Dyspnée. Respiratory illness, respiratory infection.

	COHEN, S., LINE, S., MANUCK, S.B., RABIN, B.S., HEISE, E. & KAPLAN, J.R. (1997). Chronic social stress, social status and susceptibility to upper respiratory infections in nonhuman primates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 213-221. [LIRE]
	COHEN, S., DOYLE, W.J. & SKONER, D.P. (1999). Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 175-180. [LIRE]
	COHEN, S. (1999). Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 246-253. [LIRE]
		Voir aussi Maladie biologique

Maladies transmises sexuellement : MTS : Voir Infection transmise sexuellement. Sexually transmitted diseases.

		Voir aussi Maladie biologique

Malagodi Edward F. (1935-1996) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain, spécialisé dans l'étude des programmes de renforcement et de la culture. Collaborateur de Branch et Glenn.

	MALAGODI, E.F. (1986). On radicalizing behaviorism; A call for cultural anaysis. Behavior Analyst, 9 (1), 1-19. [PDF]
	MALAGODI, E.F., GARDNER, M.L. & PALERMI, G. (1978). Responding maintained under fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of electric shock presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 30 (3), 271-279. [PDF]
	MALAGODI, E.F., GARDNER, M.L., WARD, S.E. & MAGYAR, R.L. (1981). Responding maintained under intermittent schedules of electric-shock presentation : "Safety" or schedule effects ? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 36 (2), 171-190. [PDF]
	MALAGODI, E.F. & JACKSON, K. (1989). Behavior analysis and cultural analysis : Troubles and issues. The Behavior Analyst, 12, 17-33. [PDF]
	PITTS, R.C. & MALAGODI, E.F. (1991). Preference for less frequent shock under fixed-interval schedules of electric-shock presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56 (1), 21-32. [PDF]
	PENNYPACKER, H.S. (1997). Edward F. Malagodi (1935-1995). Behavior Analysist, 20 (1), 37-38. [PDF] + [PDF]

Malaisie : Voir Pays. Malaysia.

	SWAMI, V. & TOVÉE, M.J. (2005). Male physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia : A cross- cultural study. Body Image, 2 (4), 383-393.
		Voir aussi Pays

Malamuth Neil Moshe ( ) : Psychologue évolutionniste américain et spécialiste de l'agression sexuelle et de la pornographie. Collaborateur d'Anderson, Becker, Berkowitz, Briere, Buss, Check, Donnerstein, Huesmann et Lintz.

	MALAMUTH, N. (1979). Violence and responsibility. Contemporary Psychology, 8, 651-652.
	MALAMUTH, N.M. & CHECK, J.V.P. (1981). The effects of mass media exposure on acceptance of violence against women : a field experiment. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 436-446. [PDF]
	MALAMUTH, N. & BRIERE, J. (1986). Sexual violence in the media : Indirect effects on aggression against women. Journal of Social Issues, 42 (3), 75-92. [PDF]
	MALAMUTH, N.M., CHECK, J.V.P. & BRIERE, J. (1986). Sexual arousal in response to aggression : Ideological, aggressive, and sexual correlates. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 50 (2), 330-340. [PDF]
	MALAMUTH, N., ADDISON, T. & KOSS, M. (2000). Pornography and sexual aggression : Are there reliable effects and can we understand them ? Annual Review of Sex Research, 11, 26-91. [PDF]

Malcuit Gérard (1944-) : Psychologue béhavioriste québécois et professeur de l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il étudie l'apprentissage et l'attention chez les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants. Professeur de Marchand. Collaborateur de Granger et Pomerleau.

	MALCUIT, G., GRANGER, L. et LAROCQUE, A. (1972). Les thérapies behaviorales. Québec : Presses de l'Université Laval.
	POMERLEAU, A. et MALCUIT, G. (1983). L'enfant et son environnement. Montréal : PUQ.
	MALCUIT, G., POMERLEAU, A. et MAURICE, P. (1995). Psychologie de l'apprentissage : termes et concepts. Paris : Edisem.
	POMERLEAU, A., MALCUIT, G. et JULIEN, M. (1996). Contextes de vie familiale au cours de la petite enfance. In R. Tessier, C. Bouchard et G.M. Tarabulsky (Eds.), Enfance et famille : contextes de développement. Québec : Presses de l'Université Laval.
	POMERLEAU, A., LACROIX, V., MALCUIT, G. & SÉGUIN, R. (1999). Content of mothers' speech, child's language and cognitive development in different socioeconomic groups : A longitudinal study. New Mexico : Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD).

Malécite : Autochtone. 

	CHAREST, P. (2012). Les pêches des premières nations dans l’Est du Québec : Innus, Malécites et Micmacs. GID.

Malécot Gustave (1911-1998) : Mathématicien et généticien français, spécialisé dans l'étude de l'hérédité et la génétique des populations. On lui doit les concepts de coefficient de parenté génétique et de cosanguinité.

	MALÉCOT, G. (1941). Étude mathématique des populations "mendéliennes". Annales de l'Université de Lyon : Sciences : Section A, 4, 45-60.
	MALÉCOT, G. (1942). Mendélisme et consanguinité. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 215, 313-314.
	MALÉCOT, G. (1945). La diffusion des gènes dans une population mendélienne. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences de Paris, 221, 340-342.
	MALÉCOT, G. (1948/69). Les mathématiques de l'hérédité / The mathematics of heredity. Masson, Paris/W.H. Freeman : San Francisco.
	MALÉCOT, G. (1975). Heterozygosity and relationship in regularly subdivided populations. Theoretical Population Biology, 8, 212-241.

Malhonnêteté : Malhonnête : Voir Honnêteté. Honesty.

Malinowski Kaspar Bronislaw (Cracovie Pologne 1884-1942) : Ethnologue et sociologue polonais. Il est le père du fonctionnalisme anthropologique. Il a également élaboré une technique d'observation sur le terrain : l'observation participante.

	MALINOWSKI, B. (1921/2001). La sexualité et sa répression dans les sociétés primitives. Paris : Éditions Payot.
	MALINOWSKI, B. (1930/70). La vie sexuelle des sauvages du Nord-ouest de la Mélanésie. Description ethnographique des démarches amoureuses, du mariage et de la vie de famille des indigènes des Iles Trobriand de la Nouvelle-Guinée. Paris : Payot Éditeur.
	MALINOWSKI, B. (1922/89). Les Argonautes du Pacifique occidental. Paris : Gallimard.
	MALINOWSKI, B. (1927/32/76/90). La sexualité et sa répression dans les sociétés primitives. Paris : Payot.
	MALINOWSKI, B. (1933/68/2001). Trois essais sur la vie sociale des primitifs. Paris : Payot.

Malle Bertram F. (Graz-) : Psychosociologue américain d'origine autrichienne et spécialiste des attributions et de la théorie naïve de la personnalité. Collaborateur de Horowitz, Knobe, Neubauer, Pratto et Sidanius.

	MALLE, B.F. & HOROWITZ, M. (1995). The puzzle of negative self-views : An explanation using the schema concept. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 470-484. [PDF]
	MALLE, B.F. (1999). How people explain behavior : A new theoretical framework. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 3, 23-48. [PDF]
	MALLE, B.F., KNOBE, J., O’LAUGHLIN, M., PEARCE, G.E. & NELSON, S.E. (2000). Conceptual structure and social functions of behavior explanations : Beyond person-situation attributions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 309. [PDF]
	MALLE, B.F. (2006). The relation between judgments of intentionality and morality. Journal of Cognition & Culture, 6, 61-86. [PDF]
	MALLE, B.F., KNOBE, J. & NELSON, S.E. (2007). Actor-Observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior : New answers to an old question. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 93, 491-514. [PDF]

Malmendier Ulrike M. ( ) : Économiste allemande et spécialiste de l'étude du comportement des leaders, notamment des présidents directeurs généraux (PDG).

	MALMENDIER, U. & TATE, G. (2005). CEO Overconfidence and corporate investment. Journal of Finance, 60 (6), 2661-2700.
	MALMENDIER, U. (2005). Does overconfidence affect corporate investment ? CEO overconfidence measures revisited. European Financial Management, 11 (5), 649-659. [PDF]
	MALMENDIER, U. & TATE, G. (2008). Who makes acquisitions ? CEO overconfidence and the market's reaction. Journal of Financial Economics, 89 (1), 20-43.
	MALMENDIER, U. & TATE, G. (2009). Superstar CEOs. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124 (4), 1593-1638.
	MALMENDIER, U. & TATE, G. (2015). Behavioral CEOs : On the Role of Managerial Overconfidence. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (4), 37-60.

Malnutrition : Malnutrition.

	BROWN, J.L. & POLLITT, E. (1996). Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development. Scientific American, 274, 38-43. [PDF]

Malone
John C. Malone	Thomas W. Malone

Malone John C. (Buffalo 1942-2021 Knoxville) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain. Collaborateur de Bailey, Mahadevan et Staddon.

	MALONE, J.C. & STADDON, J.E.R. (1973). Contrast effects in maintained generalization gradients. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19 (1), 167-179. [PDF]
	MALONE, J.C. (1978). Beyond the operant analysis of behavior. Behavior Therapy, 9, 584-591.
	MALONE, J.C. (2001). Ontology recapitulates philology : Willard Quine, pragmatism, and radical behaviorism. Behavior & Philosophy, 29, 63-74. [PDF]
	MALONE, J.C. (2003). Advances in behaviorism : It’s not what it used to be. Journal of Behavioral Education, 12, 85-89. [PDF]
	MALONE, J.C. (2006). Response-contingent reinforcement : Notes on the law of effect. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 7 (2), 103-106. [PDF]

Malone Thomas W. (1952-) : Psychologue organisationel et spécialiste de la motivation intrinsèque et des organisations. Collaborateur de Chabris et Lepper.

	MALONE, T.W. (1981). Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Science, 5 (4), 333-369.
	MALONE, T.W., YATES, J. & BENJAMIN, R.I. (1987). Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies. Communications of the ACM, 30 (6), 484-497.
	MALONE, T.W. & LEPPER, M.R. (1987). Making learning fun : A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. Aptitude, Learning, & Instruction 3, 223-253.
	MALONE, T.W., CROWSTON, K.G., LEE, J., PENTLAND, B., DELLAROCAS, C., WYNER, G., QUIMBY, J., OSBORN, C.S., BERNSTEIN, A., HERMAN, G., KLEIN, M. & O'DONNELL, E. (1999). Tools for inventing organizations : Toward a handbook of organizational processes. Management Science, 45 (3), 425-443.
	MALONE, T.W, LAUBACHER, R.J. & DELLAROCAS, C. (2010). The collective inttelligence genome. Sloan Management Review, 5 (3), 21-31.

Malott
Maria E. Malott	Richard W. Malott

Malott Maria E. ( ) : Psychologue béhavioriste américaine. Elle s'intéresse notamment à l'aménagement de la culture et aux changements organisationels. Collaboratrice de Glenn et Malott.

	MALOTT, M.E. (1992). Designing a humanitarian culture : An analysis of the cuban experiment. Behavior & Social Issues, 2 (2), 99-118.
	MALOTT, M.E. (2004). Toward the globalization of behavior analysis. The Behavior analyst, 27 (1), 25-32.
	MALOTT, M.E. & GLENN, S.S. (2006). Targets of intervention in cultural and behavioral change. Behavior & Social Issues, 15 (1), 31–56.
	MALOTT, M.E. (2015). What studying leadership can teach us about the science of behavior. The Behavior Analyst, 39 (1), 1-28.
	MALOTT, M.E. (2016). What studying leadership can teach us about the science of behavior. Behavior Analyst, 39 (1), 47-74. [PDF]

Malott Richard W. (Converse 1936-) : Psychologue béhavioriste américain. Il s'intéresse notamment à l'autisme, à la procrastination et aux règles de contingence. Étudiant de Cumming, Keller, Schoenfeld. Collaborateur de Baer, Favell, Glenn, Hineline, Malott, Michael et Morris.

	MALOTT, R.W. & CUMMING, W.W. (1966). Concurrent schedules of interresponse time reinforcement : probability of reinforcement and the lower bounds of the reinforced interresponse time intervals. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9 (4), 317-325. [PDF]
	MALOTT, R.W. (1989). The achievement of evasive goals : control by rules describing contingencies that are not direct acting. In S.C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior : Cognition, contingencies & instructional control (pp. 269-319). New York : Plenum Press.
	MALOTT, R.W., SHIMAMUNE, S. & MALOTT, M.E. (1993). Rule-governed behavior and organizational behavior management : An analysis of interventions. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 12, 103-116.
	MALOTT, R.W. (1993). A theory of rule-governed behavior and organizational behavior management. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 12, 45-65.
	MALOTT, R.W. (2004). Autistic behavior, behavior analysis, and the gene. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 20, 31-36. [PDF]

Malpighi Marcello (Bologne 1628-1694 Rome) : Biologiste et anatomiste italien, spécialisé dans l'étude des insectes. Il est le père de l'histologie et l'un des inventeurs du microscope.

	MEYER, A.W. (1930). Malpighi as anatomist. Science, 72 (1862), 234-238.
	PICCOLINO, M. (1999). Marcello Malpighi and the difficult birth of modern life sciences. Endeavour, 23 (4), 175-179.

Maltby John ( ) : Psychologue anglais et spécialiste de l'étude de la chance et de l'adulation. Collaborateur de McCutcheon.

	MALTBY, J., LEWIS, C.A. & ILL, A.P. (1998). Oral pessimism and depressive symptoms : A comparison with other correlates of depression. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 195-200.
	MALTBY, J. & DAY, L. (2001). The Irrational Beliefs Survey, one factor or four ? A replication of Mahoney's (1997) findings. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 462-464.
	MALTBY, J., DAY, L., GILL, P., COLLEY, A. & WODD, A.M. (2008). Beliefs around luck : Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Around Luck scale. Personality & Individual Differences, 45, 655-660. [PDF]
	MALTBY, J., DAY, L., PINTO, D.G., HOGAN, R.A. & WODD, A.M. (2013). Beliefs in being unlucky and deficits in executive functioning. Consciousness & Cognition, 22, 137-147. [PDF]
	MALTBY, J. & DAY, L. (2017). Regulatory motivations in celebrity interest : Self-suppression and self-expansion. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6 (2), 103-112. [PDF]

Malthus Thomas (1766-1834) : Économiste avant la lettre. Ses travaux ont porté sur la démographie et la compétition entre les individus pour l'obtention des ressources. Ses travaux sur la surpopulation aurait influencé Darwin.

	MALTHUS, T. (1798). An essay on the principle of population as it affects the future improvement of society, wth remarks on the speculations of Mr Godwin, M. Condorcet, and other writers/Essai sur le principe de population.
	MALTHUS, T. (1803). An essay on the principle of population; or, a view of its past and present effects on human happiness; with an inquiry into our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils which it occasions.

Maltraitance : Désigne l'ensemble des mauvais traitements infligés à une personne dépendante (enfants, certains handicapés, certaines femmes, certains personnes agées, etc.) par les parents, les proches ou les individus responsables de cette personne (soignants et autorités des hôpitaux et des instituts psychiatriques). Ce concept englobe les sévices physiques, psychologiques, sexuels, ainsi que la négligence (absence ou insuffisance de soins). NDLR : En ce sens, le mot abus est un anglicisme. Maltraitance, violence et négligence. /Bientraitance. Abuse, physical abuse.

Maltraitance
Maltraitance envers les enfants	Maltraitance envers les handicapés
Maltraitance envers les femmes	Maltraitance envers les vieux adultes

	HARPER, R. & EYBERG, S.M. (1976). Child abuse : Psychological evaluation and court testimony. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1, 80-82.
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	BELSKY, J. (1980). Child maltreatment : an ecological integration. American psychologists, 35, 320-336.	TESSIER, R., TARABULSY, G.M. et ETHER, L.S. (1996). Dimensions de la maltraitance. Québec : Presses de l'Université du Québec.
	EGELAND, B. & SROUFE, L.A. (1981). Attachment and early maltreatment. Child Development, 52, 44-52.	ORNSTEIN, P.A., CECI, S.J. & LOFTUS, E.F. (1996). Adult recollections of childhood abuse : Cognitive and developmental perspectives. In J.L. Alpert, L.S. Brown, S.J. Ceci, C.A. Courtois, E.F. Loftus & P.A. Ornstein (Eds.), Working group of investigation of memories of childhood abuse : Final Report. American Psychological Association.
	EGELAND, B. & SROUFE, L.A. (1981). Developmental sequelae of maltreatment in infancy. In D. Cicchetti & R. Rizley (Eds.), New directions in child development : Developmental approaches to child maltreatment. San Francisco : Jossey Bass.
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